Abstract.
We introduce self-dual codes over the Kleinian four group K=Z 2×Z 2 for a natural quadratic form on K n and develop the theory. Topics studied are: weight enumerators, mass formulas, classification up to length 8, neighbourhood graphs, extremal codes, shadows, generalized t-designs, lexicographic codes, the Hexacode and its odd and shorter cousin, automorphism groups, marked codes. Kleinian codes form a new and natural fourth step in a series of analogies between binary codes, lattices and vertex operator algebras. This analogy will be emphasized and explained in detail.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Assmus, E.F., Mattson, H.F.: New 5-designs. J. Combinatorial Theory 6, 122–151 (1969)
Bachoc, C.: Harmonic weight enumerators of nonbinary codes and MacWilliams identities. Codes and association schemes (Piscataway, NY 1999). 135–149, DIMACS Ser. Discrete Math. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 56, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2001
Bacher, R.: Unimodular lattices without nontrivial automorphisms. Internat. Math. Res. Notices 2, 91–95 (1994)
Bachoc, C.: On harmonic weight enumerators of binary codes. Des. Codes Cryptogr. 18, 11–28 (1999)
Bannai, E.: Positive definite unimodular lattices with trivial automorphism groups. Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State Univ., 1988
Bose, R.C., Connor, W.S.: Combinatorial properties of group divisible incomplete block designs. Ann. Math. Statist. 23, 367–383 (1952)
Borcherds, R.E., Conway, J.H., Queen, L.: The Cellular Structure of the Leech Lattice. [CS93b], Chapter~25, pp. 515–523
Bannai, E., Damerell, R.M.: Tight spherical designs. I. J. Math. Soc. Japan 31, 199–207 (1979)
Bannai, E., Damerell, R.M.: Tight spherical designs. II. J. London Math. Soc. (2) 21, 13–30 (1980)
Bachoc, C., Gaborit, P.: On Extremal Additive GF(4) codes of Length 10 to 18. J. Théor. Nombres Bordeaux 12, 255–271 (2000)
Bose, R.C., Nair, K.R.: Partially balanced incomplete block designs. Sankhy¯a 4, 337–372 (1939)
Borcherds, R.E.: The Leech lattice and other lattices. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, 1984
Borcherds, R.E.: The 24-dimensional odd unimodular lattices. [CS93b], (see also~[Bor84]), pp. 421–426
Borcherds, R.E.: Automorphic forms with singularities on Grassmannians. Invent. Math. 132, 491–562 (1998)
Bremner, A.: A Diophantine equation arising from tight 4-designs. Osaka J. Math. 16, 353–356 (1979)
Carmichael, R.D.: Tactical configurations of rank two. Amer. J. Math. 53, 217–240 (1931)
Conway, J.H., Odlyzko, A.M., Sloane, N.J.A.: Extremal self-dual lattices exist only in dimensions 1 to 8, 12, 14, 15, 23 and 24. Mathematika 25, 36–43 (1978), see Chapter~19 in~[CS93b]
Conway, J.H., Pless, V.: On the enumeration of self-dual codes. J. Combinatoial Theory, Ser. A 28, 26–53 (1980)
Conway, J.H., Pless, V., Sloane, N.J.A.: Self-dual codes over GF(3) and GF(4) of length not exceeding 16. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 25, 312–322 (1979)
Conway, J.H., Parker, R.A., Sloane, N.J.A.: The covering radius of the Leech lattice. Proc. Royal Soc. A380, 261–290 (1982), see Chapter~23 in~[CS93b]
Conway, J.H., Pless, V., Sloane, N.J.A.: The binary self-dual codes of length up to 32: A revised enumeration. J. Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A 60, 183–195 (1992)
Calderbank, A.R., Rains, E.M., Shor, P.W., Sloane, N.J.A.: Quantum error correction via codes over GF(4). IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 44, 1369–1387 (1998)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Laminated lattices. Ann. Math. 116, 593–620 (1982), see~Chapter~6 in~[CS93b]
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: The unimodular lattices of dimension up to 23 and the Minkowski-Siegel mass constants. Eur. J. Combinatorics 3, 219–231 (1982), see Chapter~16 in~[CS93b]
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Complex and integral laminated lattices. Trans. AMS 280, 463–490 (1983)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Lexicographic codes: error correcting codes from game theory. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 32, 337–348 (1986)
Cheng, Y., Sloane, N.J.A.: The Automorphism group of an [18,9,8] quaternary code. Discrete Math. 83, 205–212 (1990)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: A new upper bound for the minimum of an integral lattice of determinant 1. Bull. Amer. Math. Society (New Series) 23, 383–387 (1990)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: A New Upper bound on the Minimal Distance of Self-Dual Codes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 36, 1319–1333 (1990)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Orbit and coset analysis of the Golay and related codes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 35, 1038–1050 (1990)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Erratum: A new upper bound for the minimum of an integral lattice of determinant 1. Bull. Amer. Math. Society (New Series) 24, 479 (1991)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Self-dual codes over the integers modulo 4. J. Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A 62, 30–45 (1993)
Conway, J.H., Sloane, N.J.A.: Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups. second ed., Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften Band 290, Springer-Verlag, New~York, 1993
Delsarte, P.: Four fundamental parameters of a code and their combinatorial significance. Inform. Control 23, 407–438 (1973)
Dong, C., Griess, R., Höhn, G.: Framed vertex operator algebras, codes and the moonshine module. Comm. Math. Phys. 193, 407–448 (1998)
Delsarte, P., Goethals, J.-M., Seidel, J.J.: Spherical codes and designs. Geometriae Dedicata 6, 363–388 (1977)
Dong, C., Lepowsky, J.: Generalized Vertex Algebras and Relative Vertex Operators. Progress in Mathematics, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1993
Delsarte, P., Levenshtein, V.I.: Association schemes and coding theory. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 44, 2477–2504 (1998)
Dunkel, C.F.: A Krawtchouk polynomial addition theorem and wreath products of symmetric groups. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 25, 335–358 (1976)
Elkies, N.D.: A characterization of the Z n lattice. Math. Research Letters 2, 321–326 (1995)
Elkies, N.D.: Lattices and codes with long shadows. Math. Res. Lett. 2, 643–651 (1995)
Frenkel, I.B., Huang, Y.-Z., Lepowsky, J.: On Axiomatic Approaches to Vertex Operator Algebras and Modules. Memoirs of the AMS, Band 104, Nr. 494, American Mathmeatical Society, Providence, 1993
Frenkel, I., Lepowsky, J., Meuerman, A.: Vertex operator algebras and the monster. Academic Press, San Diego, 1988
Frenkel, I.B., Zhu, Y.: Vertex operator algebras associated to representations of affine and virasoro algebras. Duke Math. J. 66, 123–168 (1992)
Griess, R., Höhn, G.: Virasoro Frames and their Stabilizers for the E 8 Lattice type Vertex Operator Algebra. 2000, to appear in: Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelle)
Gaborit, P., Huffman, W.C., Kim, J.-L., Pless, V.: On Additive Codes over GF(4). Codes and association schemes (Piscataway, NY 1999). 1–23, DIMACS Ser. Discrete Math. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 56, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2001
Gaborit, P., Huffman, W.C., Kim, J.-L., Pless, V.: On the Classification of Extremal Additive Codes over GF(4). Proceedings of the 37th Allerton conference on communication, control and computing, UIUC, Sep. 1999, pp. 535–544
Gleason, A.M.: Weight polynomials of self-dual codes and the MacWilliams identities. Actes du Congrès International des Mathématiciens (Nice, 1970), Tome 3, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1971, pp. 211–215
Goddard, P.: Meromorphic Conformal Field Theory. In Kac [Kac89], pp. 556–587
Goethals, J.-M., Seidel, J.J.: Spherical Designs. Am. Math. Soc., Providence, 1987, pp. 255–272
Höhn, G.: Classification of self-dual Vertex Operator Super Algebras with Rank smaller than 24. In preparation
Höhn, G.: Genera of Vertex Operator Algebras and three dimensional Topological Quantum Field Theories. To appear in the Volume Vertex Operator Algebras in Mathematics and Physics. Fields Institute Communications, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI
Höhn, G.: Selbstduale Vertexoperatorsuperalgebren und das Babymonster. Ph.D. thesis, Universität Bonn, 1995, see: Bonner Mathematische Schriften 286
Höhn, G.: Letter to Prof. F. Hirzebruch, 1996
Höhn, G.: Self-dual vertex operator superalgebras with shadows of large minimal weight. Internat. Math. Res. Notices 13, 613–621 (1997)
Huffman, W.C., Sloane, N.J.A.: Most primitive groups have messy invariants. Adv. Math. 32, 118–127 (1979)
Huffman, W.C.: On extremal self-dual quaternary codes of lengths 18 to 28, I. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 36, 651–660 (1990)
Huffman, W.C.: On extremal self-dual quaternary codes of lengths 18 to 28, II. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 37, 1206–1216 (1991)
Kac, V.G. (ed.): Infinite Dimensional Lie Algebras and Lie Groups: Proceedings of the Conference Held at CIRM, Luminy, 1988. Adv. Ser. Math. Phys. 7, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989
Kac, V.: Vertex algebras for beginners. University Lecture Series, vol. 10, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1997
Krasikov, I., Litsyn, S.: Linear programming bounds for doubly-even self-dual codes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 43, 1238–1244 (1997)
Krasikov, I., Litsyn, S.: An improved upper bound on the minimum distance of doubly-even self-dual codes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 46, 274–278 (2000)
Kneser, M.: Klassenzahlen definiter quadratische Formen. Archiv der Mathematik 8, 241–250 (1957)
Lam, C.W.H., Pless, V.: There is no (24,12,10) self-dual quaternary code. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 36, 1153–1156 (1990)
Mathieu, É.: Mémoire sur l'étude des fonctions de plusieurs quantités, sur la manière de les former et sur les substitutions qui les laissent invariables. J. de Math. Pures et. Appl. (Ser. 2) 6, 241–323 (1861)
Milnor, J., Husemoller, D.: Symmetric Bilinear Forms. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete Band 73, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1973
Minkowski, H.: Grundlagen für eine Theorie der quadratischen Formen mit ganzzahligen Koeffizienten. Mém. près. par divers savants á l'Acadèmie des Sci. Inst. nat. de France 29, (1884)
Monroe, L.: Self-orthogonal greedy codes. Des. Codes Cryptogr. 9, 79–83 (1996), Second Upper Michigan Combinatorics Workshop on Designs, Codes and Geometries (Houghton, MI, 1994)
Mallows, C.L., Odlyzko, A.M., Sloane, N.J.A.: Upper bounds for modular forms, lattices, and codes. J. Algebra 36, 68–76 (1975)
MacWilliams, F.J., Odlyzko, A.M., Sloane, N.J.A., Ward, H.N.: Self-dual codes over GF(4). J. Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A 25, 288–318 (1978)
Mallows, C.L., Sloane, N.J.A.: An upper bound for self-dual codes. Inform. Control 22, 188–200 (1973)
MacWilliams, F.J., Sloane, N.J.A.: The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. Elsevier Science publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1977
MacWilliams, F.J., Sloane, N.J.A., Thompson, J.G.: Good self dual Codes exist. Discrete Math. 3, 153–162 (1972)
Niemeier, H.-V.: Definite quadratische Formen der Dimension 24 und Diskriminante 1. J. Number Theory 5, 142–178 (1973)
Nikulin, V.V.: Integral symmetric bilinear forms and some of their applications. Math. USSR Izvestija 14, 103–167 (1980)
Oral, H., Phelps, K.T.: Almost all self-dual codes are rigid. J. Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A 60, 264–276 (1992)
Pless, V.: A Classification of self-orthogonal codes over GF(2). Discrete Math. 3, 209–246 (1972)
Plesken, W., Pohst, M.: Constructing integral lattices with prescribed minimum, I. Math. Comput. 45, 209–221 (1985)
Pless, V., Sloane, N.J.A.: On the classification and enumeration of self-dual codes. J. Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A 18, 313–335 (1975)
Rains, E.M.: Shadow bounds for self-dual codes. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 44, 134–139 (1998)
Ray-Chaudhuri, D.K., Wilson, R.M.: On t-designs. Osaka J. Math. 12, 747–744 (1975)
Rains, E.M., Sloane, N.J.A.: Self-dual codes. Handbook of coding theory, Vol. I, II, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1998, pp. 177–294
Rains, E.M., Sloane, N.J.A.: The shadow theory of modular and unimodular lattices. J. Number Theory 73, 359–389 (1998)
Ran, M., Snyders, J.: On cyclic reversible self-dual additive codes with odd length over Z 2 2. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 46, 1056–1059 (2000)
Schellekens, A.N.: Meromorphic c=24 conformal field theories. Commun. Math. Phys. 153, 159–185 (1993)
Serre, J.-P.: A course in Arithmetic. Graduate texts in mathematics, 7, Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, 1973
Siegel, C.L.: Über die analytische Theorie der quadratischen Formen. Ann. Math. 36, 527–606 (1935)
Siegel, C.L.: Berechnung von Zetafunktionen an ganzzahligen Stellen. Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen Math.-Phys. Kl. II 10, 87–102 (1969)
Sloane, N.J.A.: Codes over GF(4) and complex lattices. J. Algebra 52, 168–181 (1978)
Sloane, N.J.A.: Self-dual codes and lattices. Relations between combinatorics and other parts of mathematics (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, 1978), Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., XXXIV, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1979, pp. 273–308.
Tarnanen, H., Aaltonen, M.J., Goethals, J.-M.: On the nonbinary Johnson scheme. Eur. J. Combinatorics 6, 279–285 (1985)
Tietäváinen, A.: On the nonexistence of perfect codes over finite fields. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 24, 88–96 (1973)
Turaev, V.G.: Quantum Invariants of Knots and 3-Manifolds. de Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1994
Venkov, B.B.: Even unimodular extremal lattices. Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov 165, 43–48 (1984)
Ward, H.N.: A restriction on the weight enumerator of a self-dual code. J. Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A 21, 253–255 (1976)
Zhu, Y.: Vertex Operator Algebras, Elliptic Functions, and Modular Forms. Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1990, appeared as: Modular invariance of characters of vertex operator algebras. J. Amer. Math. Soc 9 (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Höhn, G. Self-dual codes over the Kleinian four group. Math. Ann. 327, 227–255 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-003-0440-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-003-0440-y