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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra-p-tolyl-21H, 23H-porphine (TPTP) composite: highly reproducible and repeatable chemiresistive SO2 sensor

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Abstract

In the current study, a chemiresistive SO2 sensor based on a composite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra-p-tolyl-21H, 23H-porphine (TPTP) was developed and extensively studied. Improved Hummers methods were used to synthesize graphene oxide (GO), and a thermally heating bottom-up approach was used to reduce GO to rGO. Gold electrodes were thermally coated on the transparent sheet using a thermal evaporator. The composite of rGO/TPTP was synthesized using a simple chemical method. Structural, morphological, spectroscopic, electrical, and optical studies were carried out using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, current–voltage, and UV–vis spectroscopy, respectively. The sensing response of rGO/TPTP for various concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated in chemiresistive modality. The rGO/TPTP composite chemiresistive sensor displayed exceptional performance, with a consistent response spanning 1 ppm to 10 ppm. It exhibited outstanding repeatability, linearity, stability, and boasted an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ppm. This LOD is significantly lower than the recommended permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 5 ppm set by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), USA. The sensor based on the rGO/TPTP composite exhibited a very fast response and recovery time of 33 s. and 27 s. respectively.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their sincere thanks to Inter-University Accelerator Center (IUAC), New Delhi, India (UFR no. 69330), UGC—DAE CSR, Indore (Project No. CRS/2021-22/ 01/456 dated March 30, 2022), DST—SERB, New Delhi (Project No. EEQ/2017/000645), UGC-SAP Programme (F.530/16/DRS-I/2016 (SAP-II) Dt.16-04-2016), DST-FIST (Project No. SR/FST/PSI-210/2016(c) dtd. 16/12/2016) and Rashtriya Uchachatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), Government of Maharashtra for providing financial support. Abhaysinh S. Khune gratefully acknowledges to the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Research and Training Institute fellowship for doctor of philosophy as financial assistance, Vijaykiran N. Narwade gratefully acknowledges to the UGC DS Kothari post-doctoral fellowship for financial assistance. Mahendra D, Shirsat gratefully acknowledges the Slovak Academic Information Agency (SAIA) and Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, for the sanction of scholarship under the framework of National Scholarship Program (NSP) of Slovak Republic.

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  1. RUSA Centre for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, MS, 431 004, India

    Abhaysinh S. Khune, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, B. N. Dole & Mahendra D. Shirsat

  2. University Department of Basic and Applied Science (UDBAS), MGM University, Aurangabad, MS, 431003, India

    Nikesh N. Ingle

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan

    Meng-Lin Tsai

  4. Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

    Tibor Hianik & Mahendra D. Shirsat

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Contributions

ASK experimental work, data analysis, manuscript drafting. VNN data analysis, manuscript editing. BND data analysis. NNI data analysis, editing of the manuscript. M-LT data analysis. TH review and editing of manuscript. MDS conceptualization, supervision, planning of experiments, data analysis, drafting and editing of the manuscript and project administration.

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Khune, A.S., Narwade, V.N., Dole, B.N. et al. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra-p-tolyl-21H, 23H-porphine (TPTP) composite: highly reproducible and repeatable chemiresistive SO2 sensor. Appl. Phys. A 130, 60 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-07194-9

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