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“Simultaneous measurement of flame impingement and piston surface temperatures in an optically accessible spark ignition engine”

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Abstract

This paper shows the results of spatially resolved temperature measurements of the piston surface of an optically accessible direct injection spark ignition engine during flame impingement. High-speed thermographic phosphor thermometry (TPT), using Gd3Ga5O12:Cr,Ce, and planar laser-induced fluorescence of the hydroxyl radical (OH-PLIF) were used to investigate the temperature increase and the time and position of flame impingement at the piston surface. Measurements were conducted at two operating cases and showed heating rates of up to 16,000 K/s. The OH-PLIF measurements were used to localize flame impingement and calculate conditioned statistics of the temperature profiles. The TPT coating was characterized and its influence on the temperature measurements evaluated.

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Abbreviations

CA50%:

Crank angle degree where 50% of the heat is released

CAD:

Crank angle degree

CADdQmax :

Crank angle degree of maximum heat release

CADPmax :

Crank angle degree of maximum pressure

CMOS:

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor

COV:

Coefficient of variation

FWHM:

Full width half maximum

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

IC:

Internal combustion

IMEP:

Indicated mean effective pressure

PLIF:

Planar laser-induced fluorescence

OH:

Hydroxyl radical

Std:

Standard deviation

TPT:

Thermographic phosphor thermography

UV:

Ultraviolet

a:

Thermal diffusivity

Bi:

Biot number

cp :

Heat capacity

∆T :

Temperature difference

Fo :

Fourier number

k:

Heat conductivity

L:

Length

p:

Pressure

t:

Time

α:

Heat transfer coefficient

δ:

Thickness

λ:

Air/fuel ratio

μ:

Absorption coefficient

ρ:

Density

abs:

Absorption

c:

Coating

g:

Gas

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) project DR 374/7 − 2 and the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz program. The support of Prof. Albert and the Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, in determining the thermographic phosphor properties, is acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. FG Reaktive Strömungen und Messtechnik, Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Jovanka-Bontschits-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany

    Carl-Philipp Ding, Rene Honza & Andreas Dreizler

  2. FG Energie- und Kraftwerkstechnik, Maschinenbau, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Jovanka-Bontschits-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany

    Benjamin Böhm

Authors
  1. Carl-Philipp Ding
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  2. Rene Honza
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  3. Benjamin Böhm
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  4. Andreas Dreizler
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carl-Philipp Ding.

Appendix

Appendix

This section explains the post-processing steps undertaken to determine the flame impingement at the piston surface. The post-processing was done using MATLAB. Figure 10 shows the results of the flame position detection for an example cycle. The three displayed images are recordings of the flame and show the recorded OH-PLIF signal after the background subtraction. The white line highlights the flame position, which was determined using the following sequence of processing steps.

Fig. 10
figure 10

Flame impingement determination

Full size image

After subtracting the background image, a median filter (17 pixels) was used to remove noise. To remove the remaining background intensity, which gradually changes along the laser path, the median intensity of each pixel row was subtracted. In the first frame in Fig. 10, a signal can be seen at the position where the piston surface is located. This is the phosphorescence signal of the phosphor coating and, for some cycles in which beam steering effects were strong, this signal disturbed the robust detection of the flame position. To remove this signal, the number of each pixel from shortly above the piston was compared with the number of pixels above it. If the counts were higher than at the pixel above, the counts for that pixel were set to the same value, ensuring a monotonic intensity decay from shortly above the piston until the piston. The flame front was then determined, using the maximum gradient in y-direction. To avoid flame detection in every pixel row, a threshold for the minimum gradient was used. High absorption and beam steering effects prevented robust detection of the flame front in some cases; a conservative threshold was set so that no flame impingement was detected when there was none.

After the flame position was determined, it was compared with the flame position in the previous frame. Areas of new flame impingement regions were selected and cropped from the side by 20 pixels to inhibit the evaluation of very small regions. In the remaining regions, the temperature determined by thermographic phosphor thermometry was evaluated for the conditioned analysis. It is assumed that, for the selected flame impingement events, the moment of flame impingement occurred in between the two frames at which the flame impinged the piston (therefore 0.75 CAD before the time at which the image used for flame impingement detection was recorded).

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Ding, CP., Honza, R., Böhm, B. et al. “Simultaneous measurement of flame impingement and piston surface temperatures in an optically accessible spark ignition engine”. Appl. Phys. B 123, 110 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-017-6694-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-017-6694-y

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