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Quaternary bimodal volcanism in the Niğde Volcanic Complex (Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey): age, petrogenesis and geodynamic implications

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Abstract

The late Neogene to Quaternary Cappadocian Volcanic Province (CVP) in central Anatolia is one of the most impressive volcanic fields of Turkey because of its extent and spectacular erosionally sculptured landscape. The late Neogene evolution of the CVP started with the eruption of extensive andesitic-dacitic lavas and ignimbrites with minor basaltic lavas. This stage was followed by Quaternary bimodal volcanism. Here, we present geochemical, isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb and δ18O isotopes) and geochronological (U–Pb zircon and Ar–Ar amphibole and whole-rock ages) data for bimodal volcanic rocks of the Niğde Volcanic Complex (NVC) in the western part of the CVP to determine mantle melting dynamics and magmatic processes within the overlying continental crust during the Quaternary. Geochronological data suggest that the bimodal volcanic activity in the study area occurred between ca. 1.1 and ca. 0.2 Ma (Pleistocene) and comprises (1) mafic lavas consisting of basalts, trachybasalts, basaltic andesites and scoria lapilli fallout deposits with mainly basaltic composition, (2) felsic lavas consisting of mostly rhyolites and pumice lapilli fall-out and surge deposits with dacitic to rhyolitic composition. The most mafic sample is basalt from a monogenetic cone, which is characterized by 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7038, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5128, 206Pb/204Pb = 18.80, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.60 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.68, suggesting a moderately depleted signature of the mantle source. Felsic volcanic rocks define a narrow range of 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratios (0.5126–0.5128) and are homogeneous in Pb isotope composition (206Pb/204Pb = 18.84–18.87, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.64–15.67 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.93–38.99). 87Sr/86Sr isotopic compositions of mafic (0.7038–0.7053) and felsic (0.7040–0.7052) samples are similar, reflecting a common mantle source. The felsic rocks have relatively low zircon δ18O values (5.6 ± 0.6 ‰) overlapping mantle values (5.3 ± 0.3 %), consistent with an origin by fractional crystallization from a mafic melt with very minor continental crustal contamination. The geochronological and geochemical data suggest that mafic and felsic volcanic rocks of the NVC are genetically closely related to each other. Mafic rocks show a positive trend between 87Sr/86Sr and Th, suggesting simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallization, whereas the felsic rocks are characterized by a flat or slightly negative variation. High 87Sr/86Sr gneisses are a potential crustal contaminant of the mafic magmas, but the comparatively low and invariant 87Sr/86Sr in the felsic volcanics suggests that these evolved dominantly by fractional crystallization. Mantle-derived basaltic melts, which experienced low degree of crustal assimilation, are proposed to be the parent melt of the felsic volcanics. Geochronological and geochemical results combined with regional geological and geophysical data suggest that bimodal volcanism of the NVC and the CVP, in general, developed in a post-collisional extensional tectonic regime that is caused by ascending asthenosphere, which played a key role during magma genesis.

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Acknowledgments

This work was partly supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Grant 108Y003) and the German Science Foundation (Grant Si 718/9-1). The ion microprobe facility at the University of California, Los Angeles, is partly supported by a grant from the Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation. The authors are grateful to John Huard for help during Ar–Ar dating and the Niğde University for contributions during the sample preparation processes. The authors sincerely thank Jochen Hoefs for editorial handling and to Oliver Bachman and one anonymous referee for their valuable suggestions, which greatly improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey

    Faruk Aydin

  2. Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1567, USA

    Axel K. Schmitt

  3. Department of Geosciences, Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074, Tübingen, Germany

    Wolfgang Siebel

  4. Department of Geological Engineering, Niğde University, 51200, Niğde, Turkey

    Mustafa Sönmez & Abdurrahman Lermi

  5. Department of Geological Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160, Izmir, Turkey

    Yalçın Ersoy

  6. Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    Kadir Dirik

  7. College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5503, USA

    Robert Duncan

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  1. Faruk Aydin
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Correspondence to Faruk Aydin.

Additional information

Communicated by J. Hoefs.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

410_2014_1078_MOESM1_ESM.xls

Results of U–Pb dating and δ18O analysis for individual zircon crystals from the Niğde felsic volcanic rocks (XLS 61 kb)

410_2014_1078_MOESM2_ESM.xls

40Ar/39Ar step-heating data for whole-rocks and amphibole crystals from the Niğde mafic and felsic volcanic rocks (XLS 38 kb)

410_2014_1078_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Plots of (a) 207Pb/204Pb vs 206Pb/204Pb and (b) 208Pb/204Pb vs 206Pb/204Pb for the Niğde bimodal rocks. DMM, EM I- and EM II-type mantle taken after Zindler and Hart (1986) and marine sediments from Beccaluva et al. (2004). Northern hemisphere reference line (NHRL) and Geochron (4.55 Ga) are shown for comparison (PDF 1362 kb)

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Aydin, F., Schmitt, A.K., Siebel, W. et al. Quaternary bimodal volcanism in the Niğde Volcanic Complex (Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey): age, petrogenesis and geodynamic implications. Contrib Mineral Petrol 168, 1078 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1078-3

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