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Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Siwalik Group of the Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance analysis

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Abstract

This paper deals with the provenance analysis of the Neogene foreland basin sediments of the Siwalik Group in the Nepal Himalaya. This study adopts the techniques of the optical petrography and detrital zircon U–Pb ages from two river sections: the Koshi Nadi in eastern Nepal and the Surai Khola in western Nepal Himalaya. The optical petrography data and resulting QFL plot show a “recycled orogeny” field for the studied sandstone samples, indicating northern lithotectonic units; Tethys Himalaya, Higher Himalaya and Lesser Himalaya as the source of the foreland basin sediments. The detrital zircon geochronological data set has clearly revealed that the cluster ages are younger than ~1000 Ma; however, the older grains (>1000 Ma) are significantly fewer. The obtained age spectrum is similar to the Tethys Himalaya and the upper Lesser Himalaya, but the lower Lesser Himalayan rocks were not distinct, which indicates that sediments in the Neogene foreland basin of the Nepal Himalaya were primarily sourced from the Tethys Himalaya and upper Lesser Himalaya. The minor subordinate scattered peaks that roughly correspond to the age of the Higher Himalaya and lower Lesser Himalaya may indicate that a lower proportion of the sediments might have a link with the Higher Himalaya and lower Lesser Himalaya. Therefore, the provenance of the Siwalik Group in the Nepal Himalaya might have witnessed a mixed type of provenance similar to the northwestern Himalaya.

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Acknowledgments

Prof. Dr. Lalu Prasad Poudel is greatly thanked for his valuable comments on the original manuscript. Dr. Yahui Yue is appreciated for her assistance in LA–ICP-MS, U–Pb zircon dating. This research was financially supported by Grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB03010400) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2011CB403101). Constructive comments and suggestions from two reviewers (Dr. Adam Szulc and Dr. Vadlamani Ravikant) are greatly acknowledged.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Upendra Baral & Ding Lin

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Upendra Baral

  3. Department of Geology, Tri Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Deepak Chamlagain

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  1. Upendra Baral
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Correspondence to Upendra Baral.

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Table S1

Supplimentary data of U–Pb dating of the Siwalik Group along Koshi Nadi and Surai Khola (XLS 1464 kb)

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Baral, U., Lin, D. & Chamlagain, D. Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Siwalik Group of the Nepal Himalaya: implications for provenance analysis. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 921–939 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1198-7

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