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Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride, chloride and sulfate

Estimation de la recharge des eaux souterraines sous des champs irrigués en utilisant les traceurs environnementaux fluorure, chlorure et sulfate

Estimación de la recarga de agua subterránea por debajo de tierras agrícolas irrigadas usando los trazadores ambientales, fluoruro, cloruro y sulfato

采用环境示踪剂氟、氯和硫酸根离子估算灌溉农田区地下水补给

Avaliação da recarga de água subterrânea sob terras agrícolas regadas utilizando os traçadores ambientais fluoreto, cloreto e sulfato

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Abstract

Accurate recharge estimation is essential for effective groundwater management, especially in the North China Plain, where irrigation return flow is significant to vertical recharge but brings difficulty for recharge estimation. Three environmental tracers (F, Cl and SO4 2−) were used to estimate vertical recharge based on the mass balance and cumulative methods. Four boreholes were dry-drilled to 5–25 m depth beneath irrigated farmland and one was drilled to 5 m beneath non-irrigated woodland; soil samples were collected in all boreholes at set depths. The results indicated that F, Cl and SO4 2−were suitable tracers beneath the non-irrigated woodland, yielding recharge rates of 16.9, 18.8 and 19.4 mm/year, respectively. Recharge estimation was not straightforward when taking account of crop type, irrigation and/or fertilizer use. After comparing with previous research, conclusions were drawn: Cl was an appropriate tracer for irrigated farmland when taking account of Cl input from irrigation and absorption by crops; recharge rates were 65.9–126.8 mm/year. However, F was a more suitable tracer for irrigated regions where account is made of the proportion of precipitation to irrigation return flow, provided low F concentrations can be measured reliably.

Résumé

L’estimation précise de la recharge est essentielle pour une gestion efficace de la ressource en eau souterraine, en particulier dans la Plaine du Nord de la Chine, où la réinfiltration des eaux d’irrigation est importante dans la recharge verticale, mais difficile à estimer. Trois traceurs environnementaux (F, Cl et SO4 2−) ont été employés pour estimer la recharge verticale à partir des méthodes du bilan de masse et des cumuls. Quatre forages ont été forés sans fluide de 5 à 25 m sous des champs irrigués, un forage a été réalisé sous un terrain boisé non irrigué; des échantillons de sol ont été collectés dans tous les forages à des profondeurs déterminées. Les résultats indiquent que les F, Cl et SO4 2− sont de bons traceurs sous le terrain non irrigué, donnant des recharges calculées de 16.9,18.8 et 19.4 mm/an respectivement. L’estimation de la recharge n’est pas vraiment simple lorsque l’on considère le type de culture, l’irrigation et/ou les quantités de fertilisants utilisées. Après comparaison avec des recherches antérieures, les conclusions suivantes ont été tirées: Cl est une traceur approprié pour les champs irrigués en tenant compte des intrants en Cl par irrigation et son absorption par les récoltes; les valeurs de recharge étaient 65.9–126.8 millimètres par an. Néanmoins, F est un traceur plus approprié pour des régions irriguées où la part des précipitations pour l’irrigation et la recharge verticale sont prises en compte, à condition de pouvoir mesurer des faibles concentration de F de manière fiable.

Resumen

La estimación precisa de la recarga es esencial para un manejo efectivo del agua subterránea, especialmente en la llanura del norte de China, donde el flujo de retorno de la irrigación es significativo para la recarga vertical pero trae dificultades para la estimación de la recarga. Se utilizaron tres trazadores ambientales (F, Cl y SO4 2−) para estimar la recarga vertical basado en el balance de masa y métodos acumulativos. Se perforaron cuatro pozos en seco a una profundidad de 5–25 m debajo de tierras agrícolas irrigadas y se perforó uno a 5 m debajo de un bosque no irrigado; se recolectaron muestras de suelos en todas las perforaciones a las profundidades establecidas. Los resultados indicaron que F, Cl y SO4 2− fueron trazadores adecuados debajo del bosque no irrigado, produciendo tasas de recarga 16.9, 18.8 y 19.4 mm/año, respectivamente. La estimación de la recarga no fue directa cuando se tiene en cuenta el tipo de cultivo, el uso de riego y/o fertilizantes. Después de comparar con investigaciones previas, se extrajeron conclusiones: Cl fue un trazador apropiado para las tierras agrícolas irrigadas al tener en cuenta la entrada de Cl para la irrigación y la absorción por los cultivos; las tasas de recarga fueron 65.9–126.8 mm/año. Sin embargo, el F fue un trazador más apropiado para las regiones irrigadas donde se considera la proporción de la precipitación al flujo de retorno de la irrigación, si es que se pueden medir confiablemente concentraciones bajas de F.

摘要

估算地下水补给是地下水管理的基础。华北平原普遍存在灌溉水入渗补给,这给精确估算地下水补给带来困难. 本文选取4处灌溉农田和1处不灌溉林地, 干法钻进至5–25 m, 同时按照设定的深度采取土样; 基于质量平衡和累积法用F、 Cl、 SO4 2− 三种环境示踪剂估算地下水补给. 结果表明: F、Cl 和SO4 2− 适用于不灌溉林地, 其补给速率依次为16.9、18.8和19.4 mm/year. 当考虑作物类型、灌溉及施肥情况时, 会增加补给评价难度. 对比前人研究结果认为: 当考虑灌溉水输入及作物吸收, Cl 适用于灌溉农田, 评价得出灌溉农田区的补给速率为65.9–126.8 mm/year. 然而, 如果考虑降水和灌溉对地下水补给量的贡献比例, 且提高低浓度F 的测试精度, F 会更适用于灌溉地区的补给评价.

Resumo

A avaliação precisa da recarga é essencial para uma efetiva gestão da água subterrânea, em particular na Planície do Norte da China, onde o fluxo de retorno da rega é significativo para a recarga vertical, mas traz dificuldades para a avaliação da recarga. Foram usados três traçadores ambientais (F, Cl e SO4 2−) para estimar a recarga vertical com base nos métodos de balanço de massa e cumulativo. Quatro furos foram perfurados a seco até profundidades de 5–25 m sob terras agrícolas regadas e um foi perfurado até 5 m numa área florestada não regada; foram recolhidas amostras de solo em todos os furos a profundidades determinadas. Os resultados indicaram que F, Cl e SO4 2− eram traçadores adequados sob zonas florestais não regadas, fornecendo taxas de recarga de 16.9, 18.8 e 19.4 mm/ano, respetivamente. O cálculo da recarga não era direto quando se tinha em consideração o tipo de cultura, a rega e/ou a utilização de fertilizante. Foram tiradas conclusões após comparação com investigações anteriores: Cl era um traçador adequado para terras de cultura regadas quando se tinha em consideração a introdução de Cl a partir da rega e a absorção pelas culturas; as taxas de recarga eram de 65.9–126.8 mm/ano. No entanto, o F era um traçador mais adequado para regiões regadas onde se tinha em conta a proporção da precipitação com o fluxo de retorno darega, desde que se possam medir com fiabilidade baixas concentrações de F.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB428802) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41172218). We would like to thank all the members of the project group for their help on field and laboratory works. The leading author thanks the China Scholarship Council for the financial support to her 18-month visit at the University of Arizona. We gratefully acknowledge the editors and the reviewers (Dr. Jiu Jimmy Jiao, Dr. Reed Maxwell and two anonymous reviewers) for their constructive comments and suggestions for this article.

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Correspondence to Menggui Jin.

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Lin, D., Jin, M., Liang, X. et al. Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride, chloride and sulfate. Hydrogeol J 21, 1469–1480 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1015-y

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