Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Internationalisation, innovation and productivity in services: evidence from Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Review of World Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines the links between internationalisation, innovation and productivity in service enterprises. For this purpose, we use micro data from the Community Innovation Survey 2008 in Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom, and estimate an augmented structural model. Our empirical evidence highlights the importance of internationalisation in the context of innovation outputs in all three countries. Our results indicate that innovation in service enterprises is linked to higher productivity. Among the innovation types that we consider, the largest productivity returns were found for marketing innovations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Recent reviews of these studies are Hall (2011), Mohnen and Hall (2013), Ruane and Siedschlag (2013), and Siedschlag and Zhang (2015).

  2. The Community Innovation Survey is a harmonised survey on the innovation activities in enterprises. It is carried out on a voluntary basis, currently every 2 years, by European Union countries and other countries which are members of the European Statistical System (ESS) such as countries members of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and EU candidate countries. The concepts and underlying methodology of the core survey questionnaire are based on the Oslo Manual (OECD and European Commission 1997, 2005), an internationally recognised set of guidelines on collecting and interpreting data on innovation published jointly by the OECD and the European Commission.

  3. Masso and Vahter (2012) being an exception who analysed the role of marketing innovation on productivity in Estonia.

  4. Gross value added per person employed in constant (2010) prices taken from the European Commission's Ameco data base available at: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/user/serie/SelectSerie.cfm.

  5. For example, Mairesse and Mohnen (2010a, b) and Hall (2011) provide a concentrated review of the literature.

  6. In particular, Pakes and Griliches (1980, 1984) introduce a general model and a ‘path analysis diagram’ linking ‘research expenditures’ with increases in ‘knowledge capital’ (this stage being the ‘knowledge production function’), and increases in knowledge capital then with ‘other expected or realized benefits from invention’ (Pakes and Griliches 1984, p. 56).

  7. The Oslo Manual (OECD and European Commission 2005) defines that “a product innovation is the introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses. This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness and other functional characteristics.” Product innovations in services can include improvements how they are provided (e.g. speed, efficiency), the addition of new functions or characteristics to existing services, and of course, introduction of fully new services. “A process innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software.” An organisational innovation is “the implementation of a new organisational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace organisations or external relations (OECD 2005).” A further type of innovation that affects the benefits from product innovation is marketing innovation. According to the Oslo Manual (OECD 2005 and European Commission), “a marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing.” The aim of marketing innovation is to increase sales of the firm by improved addressing of customer needs, opening up of new markets and positioning firm’s goods or services on the market.

  8. This international evidence has been reviewed by Mairesse and Mohnen (2010a, b) and Hall (2011).

  9. See Syverson (2011) for a recent review of productivity measurement issues.

  10. Complementarities exist between factors (Xi, Xj) when the mixed-partial derivatives of a payoff function \(\varPi \left( {X_{i} , X_{j} , Z} \right)\) are positive: \(\frac{{\partial^{2} \varPi \left( {X_{i} , X_{j} , Z} \right)}}{{\partial X_{i} \partial X_{j} }} > 0,\) i.e., if an increase in the level of adoption of one variable (Xi) raises the marginal payoff of the other variable(s) (Xj) (Milgrom and Roberts 1990, 1995). Note: Z denotes other exogenous determinants of payoff.

  11. The term enterprise and firm are used interchangeably.

  12. The specific characteristics of the data collected with CIS and related implications for econometric analysis are discussed extensively by Mairesse and Mohnen (2010a, b). Our econometric methodology discussed above deals, as satisfactorily as possible, with the qualitative and censored nature of the data.

  13. A number of service sectors (e.g. retail) that are available in the CIS for Germany and the UK are excluded to facilitate comparison with the CIS data for Ireland.

  14. For comparability purposes, these summary statistics are weighted to correct for the stratification of the CIS sample by size class, industry and region. Weighting factors are provided the statistical offices (IE and UK) and The Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) which conducts the survey in Germany on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Discrepancies to published statistics may arise because our focus here is on the estimation sample.

  15. The sampling unit in the UK is the establishment rather than the enterprise (though the vast majority of establishments are in fact single establishment enterprises). Exclusion of the top 0.5% of establishments by employee size brings the mean number of employees in the UK service sector establishments much closer to that in Germany and Ireland.

  16. In the original CDM model, this equation was only estimated for the sample of innovative enterprises.

  17. OLS regressions indicate in all three countries large and highly significant correlations between the observed innovation expenditure intensity and the predicted innovation expenditure intensity. These results are available from the authors upon request.

  18. The industry dummies are at a two-digit level NACE Rev. 1 classification to ensure the identification of the determinants of innovation outputs, as we used three-digit industry dummies in the innovation expenditure intensity equation. Wald tests validate the exclusion of three-digit industry dummies.

  19. We thank an anonymous referee for making this point.

  20. The elasticity of productivity with respect to marketing innovation in Ireland is significant at the 11% level.

References

  • Aw, B. Y., Roberts, M. J., & Winston, T. (2007). Export market participation, investments in R&D and worker training, and the evolution of firm productivity. The World Economy, 30, 83–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aw, B. Y., Roberts, M. J., & Xu, D. Y. (2011). R&D investment, exporting and productivity dynamics. American Economic Review, 101(4), 1312–1344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, R. E., & Robert-Nicoud, F. (2008). Trade and growth with heterogeneous firms. Journal of International Economics, 74, 21–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battisti, G., & Stoneman, P. (2010). How innovative are UK firms? Evidence from the fourth UK Community Innovation Survey on synergies between technological and organizational innovations. British Journal of Management, 21, 187–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bratti, M., & Felice, G. (2012). Are exporters more likely to introduce product innovations? The World Economy, 35(11), 1559–1598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brynjolfsson, E., & Milgrom, P. (2013). Complementarity in organizations. In R. Gibbons & J. Roberts (Eds.), The Handbook for Organization Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bustos, P. (2011). Trade liberalization, exports, and technology upgrading: Evidence on the impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinean firms. American Economic Review, 101(1), 304–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cainelli, G., Evangelista, R., & Savona, M. (2006). Innovation and economic performance in services: A firm-level analysis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30, 435–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassiman, B., & Golovko, E. (2011). Innovation and internationalization through exports. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(1), 56–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2006). In search of complementarity in innovation strategy: Internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition. Management Science, 52, 68–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castellani, D., Zanfei, A. (2007). Internationalisation, innovation and productivity: how do firms differ in Italy? The World Economy, 30(1), 156–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, W. M., & Klepper, S. (1996). A reprise of size and R&D. The Economic Journal, 106(437), 925–951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crépon, B., Duguet, E., & Mairesse, J. (1998). Research, innovation, and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 7, 115–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crespi, G., Tacsir, E., & Vargas, F. (2014) Innovation and productivity in services: Empirical evidence from Latin America. UNU-MERIT Working Paper 2014-068.

  • Criscuolo, C., Haskel, J., & Slaughter, M. J. (2010). Global engagement and the innovation activities of firms. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28, 191–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czarnitzki, D., Ebersberger, B., & Fier, A. (2006). The relationship between R&D collaboration, subsidies and patenting activity: Empirical evidence from Finland and Germany. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(7), 1347–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Loecker, J. (2007). Do exports generate higher productivity? Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of International Economics, 73(1), 69–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, E. J. (2006). Innovation in services in networks of organizations and in the distribution of services. Research Policy, 25, 1037–1051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drejer, I. (2004). Identifying innovation in surveys of services: A Schumpeterian perspective. Research Policy, 33(3), 551–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelista, R. (2000). Sectoral patterns of technological change in services. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 9(3), 183–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallouj, F., & Savona, M. (2009). Innovation in services: A review of the debate and a research agenda. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 19, 149–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallouj, F., & Savona, M. (2010). Towards a theory of innovation in services: A state of the art. In F. Gallouj & F. Djellal (Eds.), The handbook of innovation in services. A multi-disciplinary perspective (pp. 27–48). Chlethenham: Edward Elgar.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gallouj, F., & Weinstein, O. (1997). Innovation in services. Research Policy, 26, 537–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, R., Huergo, E., Mairesse, J., & Peters, B. (2006). Innovation and productivity across four European countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4), 483–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griliches, Z. (1979). Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth. Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 92–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griliches, Z. (1996). The discovery of the residual: A historical note. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(3), 1324–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1990). Trade, innovation and growth. American Economic Review, 80(2), 86–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1995). Technology and trade, in G. M. Grossman & K. Rogoff (Eds.), Handbook of International Economics, vol. 3, (pp. 1279–1337), Amsterdam: North-Holland.

  • Hall, B. (2011). Innovation and productivity. Nordic Economic Policy Review, 2, 167–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. H., Lotti, F., & Mairesse, J. (2009). Innovation and productivity in SMEs: Empirical evidence for Italy. Small Business Economics, 33, 13–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B.H., Mairesse, J. (2006). Empirical studies of innovation in the knowledge-driven economy. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 15(4–5), 289–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heckman, J. J. (1976). The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5(4), 475–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47(1), 153–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helpman, E., Melitz, M., & Yeaple, S. (2004). Export versus FDI with heterogeneous firms. American Economic Review, 94(1), 300–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hipp, C., & Grupp, H. (2005). Innovation in the service sector: The demand for service-specific measurement concepts and typologies. Research Policy, 34(4), 517–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollenstein, H. (2003). Innovation modes in the Swiss service sector: A cluster analysis based on firm-level data. Research Policy, 36(5), 680–695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, J. (2001). The nature of innovation in services. In Innovation and productivity in services. OECD Proceedings, Industry, Services and Trade, (pp. 57–82). Paris: OECD.

  • Izsák, K., Markianidou, P., & Radošević, S. (2013). Lessons from a decade of innovation policy. Final Report, European Commission. www.ec.europa.eu.

  • Johne, A., & Storey, C. (1998). New service development: A review of the literature and annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 32(3/4), 184–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, M., Severgnini, B., & Sorensen, A. (2016). Product-marketing innovation, skills, and firm productivity growth. Review of Income and Wealth, 62(4), 724–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2006). Open for innovation: The role of openness in explaining innovation performance among UK manufacturing firms. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 131–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leiponen, A. (2012). The benefits of R&D and breadth in innovation strategies: A comparison of finnish service and manufacturing firms. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(5), 1255–1281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, G., & Moch, D. (1999). Innovation and information technology in services. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32(2), 363–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lileeva, A., & Trefler, D. (2010). Improved access to foreign markets raises plant-level productivity…for some plants. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125, 1051–1099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., & Buck, T. (2007). Innovation performance and channels for international technology spillovers: Evidence from Chinese high-tech industries. Research Policy, 36(3), 355–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lööf, H., & Heshmati, A. (2006). On the relationship between innovation and performance: A sensitivity analysis. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 15, 317–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Love, J., & Roper, S. (2002). Innovation and export performance: Evidence from UK and German manufacturing plants. Research Policy, 31(7), 1087–1102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. H., Roper, S., & Vahter, P. (2014). Dynamic complementarities in innovation strategies. Research Policy, 43(10), 1774–1784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Mohnen, P. (2002). Accounting for innovation and measuring innovativeness: An illustrative framework and an application. American Economic Review, 92(2), 226–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Mohnen, P. (2010a). Using innovation surveys for econometric analysis. In B. H. Hall & N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of innovation (Vol. 2, pp. 1129–1155). Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Mohnen, P. (2010b). Using innovation surveys for econometric analysis. In B. H. Hall & N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of innovation (pp. 1130–1155). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Robin, S. (2009). Innovation and productivity: A firm-level analysis for French manufacturing and services using CIS3 and CIS4 data (1998–2000 and 2002–2004). Paris: CREST-ENSAE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Sassenou, M. (1991). R&D productivity: A survey of econometric studies at the firm level (NBER Working Papers 3666). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

  • Martin, B. R. (2012). The evolution of science policy and innovation studies. Research Policy, 41(7), 1219–1239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Ros, E., & Labeaga, J. M. (2009). Product and process innovation: Persistence and complementarities. European Management Review, 6(1), 64–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masso, J., & Vahter, P. (2012). The link between innovation and productivity in Estonia’s services sector. The Service Industries Journal, 32(16), 2527–2541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melitz, M. J. (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695–1725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, I. (2005). Innovation in services. In J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, & R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation (pp. 433–458). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1990). The economics of modern manufacturing: Technology. American Economic Review, 80(3), 511–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1995). Complementarities and fit: Strategy, structure, and organizational change in manufacturing. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19(2–3), 179–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miravete, E., & Pernías, J. (2006). Innovation complementarity and scale of production. Journal of Industrial Economics, 54(1), 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohnen, P., & Hall, B. H. (2013). Innovation and productivity: An update. Eurasian Business Review, 3(1), 47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2005). Growth in services, fostering employment, productivity and innovation. Paris: OECD.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2009). Innovation in Frms. A microeconomic perspective. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2014). OECD science, technology and industry outlook 2014. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD and European Commission. (1997). Oslo manual (2nd ed.). Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD and European Commission. (2005). Oslo manual (3rd ed.). Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakes, A. & Griliches, Z. (1980). Patentsand R&D at the firm level: A first report. Economics Letters, 5(4), 377–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakes, A., Griliches, Z. (1984). Patents and R&D at the firm level: A first look. In Z. Griliches (Ed.), R&D, patents, and productivity (pp. 55–71). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Polder, M., van Leeuwen, G., Mohnen, P., & Raymond, W. (2009). Productivity effects of innovation modes (Statistics Netherlands Discussion Paper 09/033).

  • Polder, M., Van Leeuwen, G., Mohnen, P., & Raymond, W. (2010). Product, process and organisational innovation: Drivers, complementarity and productivity effects. CIRANO Scientific Series No. 28, CIRANO, Montréal, Canada.

  • Rosenberg, N. (1982). Inside the Black Box: Technology and economics. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496197.

  • Ruane, F., & Siedschlag, I. (2013). Boosting innovation and productivity in enterprises: What matters? What works? In P. Lunn & F. Ruane (Eds.), Using evidence to inform policy (pp. 96–117). Gill & MacMillan: Dublin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savona, M., & Steinmueller, W. E. (2013). Service output, innovation and productivity: A Time-based conceptual framework. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, 118–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siedschlag, I., Killeen, N., Smith, D., & O’ Brien, C. (2011). Internationalisation and the innovation activities of services firms (ESRI Working Paper No. 406). Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute.

  • Siedschlag, I., & Zhang, X. (2015). Internationalisation of firms and their innovation and productivity. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 24(3), 183–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siedschlag, I., Zhang, X., & Cahill, B. (2010). The Effects of the internationalisation of firms on innovation and productivity (ESRI Working Paper No. 363). Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute.

  • Sundbo, J. (1997). Management of innovation in services. The Service Industries Journal, 17(3), 432–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syverson, C. (2011). What determines productivity? Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 326–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tether, B. S. (2005). Do services innovate (Differently)? Insights from the European Innobarometer Survey. Industry and Innovation, 12(2), 153–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tether, B. S., & Tajar, A. (2008). The organisational-cooperation mode of innovation and its prominence amongst European service firms. Research Policy, 37(4), 720–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Long, N., Raff, H., & Stähler, F. (2011). Innovation and trade with heterogeneous firms. Journal of International Economics, 84, 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (1996). Export performance, human capital, and product innovation in Germany: A micro view. Jahrbuch fur Wirtschaftswissenschaften, 47, 40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2011). Offshoring and enterprise performance: self-selection, effects on performance, or both? Review of World Economics, 147(2), 217–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeaple, S. R. (2005). A simple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade, and wages. Journal of International Economics, 65(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper was partly funded by the European Commission under the RTD 7th Framework (Grant Agreement No. 244522) and Horizon 2020 Programmes. The work was also partly funded under the programme of the Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies (LLAKES), an ESRC-funded Research Centre with grant reference ES/J019135/1. Priit Vahter also acknowledges financial support from the Estonian Research Agency project No. IUT20-49. This research uses statistical data from the Central Statistics Office (CSO) of Ireland. The permission for controlled access to confidential micro data was granted in line with the Statistics Act, 1993. The use of these statistical data does not imply the endorsement of the CSO in relation to the analysis or interpretation of the statistical data. Also, this work contains statistical data which is Crown Copyright and which has been made available by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) through the Secure Data Service (SDS) and has been used by permission. Neither the ONS nor the SDS bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretation of the data reported here. This work uses research data-sets which may not exactly reproduce the National Statistics aggregates. The views expressed in this work are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Central Bank of Ireland or the European System of Central Banks. We thank Mattia Di Ubaldo for his generous assistance with Stata coding. We gratefully acknowledge useful comments and suggestions from the Editor, Horst Raff, two anonymous referees, Alan Barrett, Francesco Venturini and participants at research presentations at the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) in Dublin, the Irish Economic Association Conference in Dublin and the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in Mannheim for useful comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany

    Bettina Peters

  2. University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

    Bettina Peters

  3. National Institute for Economic and Social Research, London, UK

    Rebecca Riley

  4. Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, London, UK

    Rebecca Riley

  5. Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Dublin, Ireland

    Iulia Siedschlag

  6. Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Iulia Siedschlag

  7. University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Priit Vahter

  8. Central Bank of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    John McQuinn

Authors
  1. Bettina Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rebecca Riley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Iulia Siedschlag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Priit Vahter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John McQuinn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iulia Siedschlag.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Peters, B., Riley, R., Siedschlag, I. et al. Internationalisation, innovation and productivity in services: evidence from Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Rev World Econ 154, 585–615 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0313-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0313-9

Keywords

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation