Abstract
Biogas production is rising in the context of fossil fuel decline and the future circular economy, yet raw biogas requires purification steps before use. Here, we review biogas upgrading using physical, chemical and biological methods such as water scrubbing, physical absorption, pressure swing adsorption, cryogenic separation, membrane separation, chemical scrubbing, chemoautotrophic methods, photosynthetic upgrading and desorption. We also discuss their techno-economic feasibility. We found that physical and chemical upgrading technologies are near-optimal, but still require high energy and resources. Biological methods are less explored despite their promising potential. High-pressure water scrubbing is more economic for small-sized plants, whereas potassium carbonate scrubbing provides the maximum net value for large-sized plants.
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source is injected
source of heat, power and fuel by using appropriate upgradation technologies
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Abbreviations
- BPFR:
-
Biofilm plug flow reactor
- BCR:
-
Bubble column reactor
- CaCO3 :
-
Calcium carbonate
- CNG:
-
Compressed natural gas
- Ca(OH)2 :
-
Calcium hydroxide
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- CH4 :
-
Methane
- FBR:
-
Fixed bed reactor
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas
- GRT:
-
Gas retention time
- HCO3 :
-
Bicarbonate
- HPWS:
-
High-pressure water scrubbing
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulphide
- H2O:
-
Water
- LBG:
-
Liquefied biogas
- LBM:
-
Liquefied biomethane
- LNG:
-
Liquid natural gas
- Mg(OH)2 :
-
Magnesium hydroxide
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- N2 :
-
Nitrogen
- NH3 :
-
Ammonia
- PSA:
-
Pressure swing adsorption
- TBR:
-
Trickle-bed reactor
- UFR:
-
Up-flow reactor
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compound
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Ahmed, S.F., Mofijur, M., Tarannum, K. et al. Biogas upgrading, economy and utilization: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 4137–4164 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01292-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01292-x