Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Combined numerical investigation of the Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche and subsequent dam-break flood propagation in Tibet, China

  • Technical Note
  • Published:
Landslides Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

On April 9, 2000, a long run-out landslide occurred in Yigong, Bomi county, Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, China. The displaced materials traveled approximately 10 km with an elevation difference of 3 km, and finally generated a barrier lake at the toe of the mountain. The landslide and the collapse of the associated landslide dam killed 30 people, left more than 100 people missing, and destroyed several bridges. A combined debris avalanche-dam break flood simulation was performed in this study to better understand the long run-out mechanism and behaviors of such an event. The dynamic model DAN3D was used to simulate the run-out process of the sliding mass, while the Computational Fluid Dynamics software FLOW-3D was used to simulate the duration of landslide dam break and subsequent outburst flood propagation. Output data from the DAN3D simulation were used as input parameters for landslide dam modeling in FLOW-3D. Simulated results indicated that the duration of the landslide movement was estimated at 300 s with a maximum velocity of 90 m/s. Also, the maximum flow of the outburst flood at the Tongmai bridge was approximately 130,000 m3/s. The observed phenomena and measured data in situ verified the validity of the numerical simulation. It is expected that the work conducted in this study could help improve the understanding of the chain disaster of the rock slide-debris avalanche and subsequent dam-break flood.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

References

  • Aaron J, Hungr O (2016) Dynamic analysis of an extraordinarily mobile rock avalanche in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Can Geotech J 53(6):899–908

    Google Scholar 

  • Begnudelli L, Sanders BF (2007) Simulation of the St. Francis dam-break flood. Control Eng Pract 7(9):1153–1161

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellos CV, Sakkas JG (1987) 1-D dam-break flood-wave propagation on dry bed. J Hydraul Eng 113(12):1510–1524

    Google Scholar 

  • Biscarini C, Francesco SD, Manciola P (2010) CFD modelling approach for dam break flow studies. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 14:705–718

    Google Scholar 

  • Boultbee N (2005) Characterization of the Zymoetz river rock avalanche. M.Sc. thesis. Simon Fraser University, Vancouver

  • Cao ZX, Yue ZY, Pender G (2011) Landslide dam failure and flood hydraulics. Part I: experimental investigation. Nat Hazards 59:1003–1019

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen KT, Wu JH (2018) Simulating the failure process of the Xinmo landslide using discontinuous deformation analysis. Eng Geol 239:269–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen HY, Cui P, Zhou GD, Zhu XH, Tang JB (2014) Experimental study of debris flow caused by domino failures of landslide dams. Int J Sediment Res 29(3):414–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke GKC, Leverington DW, Teller JT, Dyke AS (2004) Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quat Sci Rev 23(3):389–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Delaney KB, Evans SG (2015) The 2000 Yigong landslide (Tibetan plateau), rockslide-dammed lake and outburst flood: review, remote sensing analysis, and process modelling. Geomorphology 246:377–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding Y, Liu J (1992) Glacier lake outburst flood disasters in China. Ann Glaciol 16:180–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Du GL, Zhang YS, Yang ZH, Javed I, Tong B, Guo CB, Yao X, Wu R (2017) Estimation of seismic landslide hazard in the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis region of Tibetan Plateau. Acta Geol Sin 91:658–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Du GL, Zhang YS, Yang ZH, Guo CB, Yao X, Sun DY (2019) Landslide susceptibility mapping in the region of eastern Himalayan syntaxis, Tibetan Plateau, China: a comparison between analytical hierarchy process information value and logistic regression-information value methods. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(6):4201–4215

    Google Scholar 

  • Duan HZ, Shen JN, Li YP (2012) Comparative analysis of HPDC process of an auto part with ProCAST and FLOW-3D. Appl Mech Mater 184:90–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans SG, Hungr O, Clague JJ (2001) Dynamics of the 1984 rock avalanche and associated distal debris flow on Mount Cayley, British Columbia, Canada; implications for landslide hazard assessment on dissected volcanoes. Eng Geol 61(1):29–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu L, Jin YC (2015) Investigation of non-deformable and deformable landslides using meshfree method. Ocean Eng 109:192–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu BH, Shi PL, Guo HD, Okuyama S, Ninomiya Y, Wright S (2011) Surface deformation related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and mountain building of the Longmen Shan, eastern Tibetan Plateau. J Asian Earth Sci 40(4):805–824

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghazizadeh F, Moghaddam MA (2016) An experimental and numerical comparison of flow hydraulic parameters in circular crested weir using Flow3D. Civil Eng J 2:23–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Gresho PM (1991) Some current CFD issues relevant to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 87(2–3):201–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemiale V, Karantgis L, Broadbrige P (2014) Smoothed particle hydrodynamics applied to the modelling of landslides. Appl Mech Mater 553:519–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu MJ, Cheng QG, Wang FW (2009) Experimental study on formation of Yigong long-distance high-speed landslide. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 12(2):1–4 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Zhang WJ, Xu Q, Xie P, Hao L (2012) Run-out analysis of flow-like landslides triggered by the Ms 8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Landslides 9(2):275–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungr O (1995) A model for the run-out analysis of rapid flow slides, debris flows, and avalanches. Can Geotech J 32(4):610–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungr O, McDougall S, Bovis M (2005a) Entrainment of material by debris flows. In: Jakob H (ed) Debris flow hazards and related phenomena. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 135–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Hungr O, Corominas J, Eberhardt E (2005b) Estimating landslide motion mechanism, travel distance and velocity. In: Hungr O, Fell R, Couture R, Eberhardt E (eds) Landslide risk management, proceedings, Vancouver conference, state of the art paper #4. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 99–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao YY, Zhang HQ, Tang HM, Zhang XL, Adoko AC, Tian HN (2014) Simulating the process of reservoir-impoundment-induced landslide using the extended DDA method. Eng Geol 182:37–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang C, Chan D, Su FH, Cui P (2017) Run-out and entrainment analysis of an extremely large rock avalanche—a case study of Yigong, Tibet, China. Landslides 14:123–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Jiang J, Chen B, Li Y, Xu Y, Shen W (2016) Pattern of ndvi-based vegetation greening along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern himalayas and its response to global warming. Environ Monit Assess 188(3):186

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo CM, Lin ML, Tang CL, Hu JC (2011) A kinematic model of the Hsiaolin landslide calibrated to the morphology of the landslide deposit. Eng Geol 123:22–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt E, Bonzanigo L, Loew S (2007) Long-term investigation of a deep-seated creeping landslide in crystalline rock Part II Mitigation measures and numerical modelling of deep drainage at Campo Vallemaggia. Can Geotech J 44(10):1181–1199

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall S, Hungr O (2004) A model for the analysis of rapid landslide motion across three-dimensional terrain. Can Geotech J 41(6):1084–1097

    Google Scholar 

  • Mckillop RJ, Clague JJ (2007) A procedure for making objective preliminary assessments of outburst flood hazard from moraine-dammed lakes in southwestern British Columbia. Nat Hazards 41(1):131–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Miguel A, Garcia B, Robert S, Brodkey JJ, Chalmers (1994) Computer simulations of the rupture of a gas bubble at a gas-liquid interface and its implications in animal cell damage. Chem Eng Sci 49:2301–2320

    Google Scholar 

  • Movahedi A, Delavari A, Farahi M (2015) Designing manhole in water transmission lines using Flow3D numerical model. Civil Eng J 1:19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Murton JB (2010) Identification of younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean. Nature 464(7289):740–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Osti R, Egashira S (2010) Hydrodynamic characteristics of the Tam Pokhari glacial lake outburst flood in the Mt. Everest region. Nepal Hydrol Proc 23(20):2943–2955

    Google Scholar 

  • Qu B, Zhang YL, Kang SC, Sillanpaa M (2017) Water chemistry of the southern Tibetan Plateau: an assessment of the Yarlung Tsangpo river basin. Environ Earth Sci 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6393-3

  • Shang YJ, Yang ZF, Li LH, Liu DA, Liao QL, Wang YC (2003) A super-large landslide in Tibet in 2000: background, occurrence, disaster, and origin. Geomorphology 53:225–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Song L, Zhou J, Li Q, Yang X, Zhang Y (2010) An unstructured finite volume model for dam-break floods with wet/dry fronts over complex topography. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 67(8):960–980

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajnesaie M, Shakibaeinia A, Hosseini K (2018) Meshfree particle numerical modelling of sub-aerial and submerged landslides. Comput Fluids 172:109–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang DD, Wang JR, Wu JC, Deng JJ, Sun M (2019) A three-dimensional two-level gradient smoothing meshfree method for rainfall induced landslide simulations. Front Struct Civ Eng 12:337–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Song M, Zhou Z, Ao X, Wang C (2016) Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dam-break flood routing based on fine terrain modeling. J Hydroelectr Eng 523(1):4216–4221

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang XL, Zhang AL, Chen HH, Sun RR (2012) Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dam-break flood routing in the complex inundation areas. J Hydraul Eng 43(9):1025–1033

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu JH, Lin WK, Hu HT (2017) Assessing the impacts of a large slope failure using 3DEC: the Chiu-fen-erh-shan residual slope. Comput Geotech 88:32–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing AG, Wang GH, Yin YP, Jiang Y, Wang GZ, Yang SY, Dai DR, Zhu YQ, Dai JA (2014) Dynamic analysis and field investigation of a fluidized landslide in Guanling, Guizhou, China. Eng Geol 181:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing AG, Xu Q, Gan JJ (2015) On characteristics and dynamic analysis of the Niumian valley rock avalanche triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Environ Earth Sci 73:3387–3401

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing AG, Xu Q, Zhu YQ, Zhu JL, Jiang Y (2016) The 27 August, 2014, rock avalanche and related impulse water waves in Fuquan, Guizhou, China. Landslides 13:411–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu FG, Yang XG, Zhou JW (2015) Experimental study of the impact factors of natural dam failure introduced by a landslide surge. Environ Earth Sci 74(5):4075–4087

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakhot V, Orszag SA (1986) Renormalization group analysis of turbulence I. Basic theory. J Sci Comput 1(1):3–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakhot V, Smith LM (1992) The renormalization group, the ε-expansion and derivation of turbulence models. J Sci Comput 7:3561

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan J, Cao ZX, Liu HH, Chen L (2009) Experimental study of landslide dam-break flood. J Hydrodyn 21(1):124–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin Y, Wang H, Gao Y, Li X (2010) Real-time monitoring and early warning of landslides at relocated Wushan Town, the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Landslides 7(3):339–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin YP, Li B, Wang WP (2015) Dynamic analysis of the stabilized Wangjiayan landslide in the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake and aftershocks. Landslides 12(3):537–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin YP, Xing AG (2012) Aerodynamic modeling of the Yigong gigantic rock slide-debris avalanche, Tibet, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 2012:149–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YB, Chen GQ, Zhen L, Li YG, Wu J (2013) Effects of near-fault seismic loadings on run-out of large-scale landslide: a case study. Eng Geol 166:216–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YB, Wang JM, Xu Q, Chen GQ, Zhao JX, Lu Z, Han Z (2015) DDA validation of the mobility of earthquake-induced landslides. Eng Geol 194:38–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao B, Li W, Wang YS, Lu JY, Li X (2019) Landslides triggered by the Ms 6.9 Nyingchi earthquake, China (18 November 2017): analysis of the spatial distribution and occurrence factors. Landlsides 16(4):765–776

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JW, Cui P, Yang YG (2013) Dynamic process analysis for the initiation and movement of the Donghekou landslide-debris flow triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake. J Asian Earth Sci 76:70–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu YQ, Xu SM, Zhuang Y, Dai XJ, Lv G, Xing AG (2019) Characteristics and run-out behaviour of the disastrous 28 August 2017 rock avalanche in Nayong, Guizhou, China. Eng Geol 259(4):105145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang Y, Xing AG, Cheng QG, Li DS, Zhao C, Xu C (2019a) Characteristics and numerical modeling of a catastrophic loess flow slide triggered by the 2013 Minxian–Zhangxian earthquake in Yongguang village, Minxian, Gansu, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79:439–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang Y, Xu Q, Xing AG (2019b) Numerical investigation of the air blast generated by the Wenjia valley rock avalanche in Mianzhu, Sichuan, China. Landslides 16:2499–2508

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoppou C, Roberts S (2000) Numerical solution of the two-dimensional unsteady dam break. Appl Math Model 24(7):457–475

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1504804) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41977215).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People’s Republic of China

    Yu Zhuang, Aiguo Xing & Kaiping Jin

  2. China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China

    Yueping Yin

Authors
  1. Yu Zhuang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yueping Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aiguo Xing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kaiping Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yueping Yin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhuang, Y., Yin, Y., Xing, A. et al. Combined numerical investigation of the Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche and subsequent dam-break flood propagation in Tibet, China. Landslides 17, 2217–2229 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01449-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01449-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation