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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: an in vitro study of DNA binding, chromosome aberration assay, and comet assay

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Abstract

Engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are extensively used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other industries globally due to their unique properties, which has raised concern for biosafety. Genotoxicity assessment is an important part of biosafety evaluation; we report in vitro cytogenetic assays for NPs considering their unique physicochemical characteristics to fill the gap of laboratory data regarding biological safety along with mechanistic study for mode of interaction of NP with genetic material. Comet and chromosome aberration assay (CA assay) using short-term human peripheral blood cultures following exposure to TiO2 NPs; along with physicochemical parameters for stability of nano form in cultures; and DNA binding activity were carried out. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements revealed mono dispersion in media. The fluorescence spectroscopy for binding affinity of TiO2 NPs and human genomic DNA showed binding constant (Kb), 4.158 × 106 M−1 indicating strong binding affinity and negative ΔG0 value suggesting spontaneous DNA binding supporting its genotoxic potential. Following in vitro exposure to TiO2 NPs for 24 h, the cultures were analyzed for comet and CA assays, which showed significant results (p < 0.05) for % DNA intensity in tail, Olive Tail Moment and frequency of Chromosomal aberrations (CA) at 75 and 125 μM but not at 25 μM.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Nirma University for the financial support.

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  1. Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India

    Suhani Patel, Palak Patel & Sonal R. Bakshi

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  1. Suhani Patel
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Correspondence to Sonal R. Bakshi.

Appendix

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Fig. 10
figure 10

Photomicrographs of metaphase chromosomes. Arrows representing the aberrations are shown in green (chromatid gap), blue (chromatid break), and red (chromosomal break). a Single chromatid gap and break each. b Single chromatid break. c 3 chromatid gaps and 1 chromosomal break

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Fig. 11
figure 11

Scoring sheet for Chromosome Aberration Assay

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Fig. 12
figure 12

Representative comet assay images showing DNA damage in terms of tail intensity a untreated control; b positive control; c1, c2, c3 cultures treated with 25, 75 and 125 μM of TiO2 NPs respectively

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Patel, S., Patel, P. & Bakshi, S.R. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: an in vitro study of DNA binding, chromosome aberration assay, and comet assay. Cytotechnology 69, 245–263 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-016-0054-3

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