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GC-MS metabolite profiling of Phytophthora infestans resistant to metalaxyl

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Abstract

Phytophthora infestans is the most important potato pathogen worldwide. Various alternatives have been used to control the pathogen, including continuous applications of phenylamide fungicides which has caused a rapid development of resistance in populations of P. infestans. Despite the importance of the disease, metabolite profiling of fungicide-resistant P. infestans has not been reported. In vitro resistance of Phytophthora infestans isolates to metalaxyl was characterized and metabolic changes in resistant isolates were evaluated at low (0.5 mg/L) and high (100 mg/L) concentrations of the fungicide. About 70% of the isolates tested showed resistance to metalaxyl and a total of 49 metabolites were differently expressed in resistant isolates growing in the presence of the fungicide. Principal components analysis revealed a distinct metabolite profile of resistant isolates exposed to both low and high levels of metalaxyl. The main metabolites responsible for the clustering in both fungicide concentrations included fatty acids such as hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids, sugars such as glucose and fructose, aminoacids such as proline and valine, and organic acids such as butanedioic and propanoic acids. Potential resistance-related metabolic pathways are mostly involved in the regulation of the pathogen’s membrane fluidity and included the fatty acid biosynthesis as well as the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. This is the first metabolomic-based characterization of fungicide resistance in plant pathogens.

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Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (CIBE-ESPOL) and VLIR NETWORK Ecuador. Authors thank Jose Ochoa from the National Institute of Agricultural Research for donating the P. infestans isolates for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE). Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía perimetral, Apartado, Guayaquil, 09015863, Ecuador

    María Gabriela Maridueña-Zavala, Andrea Freire-Peñaherrera, Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos & Esther Lilia Peralta

  2. Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV). Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía perimetral, Apartado, Guayaquil, 09015863, Ecuador

    Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos & Esther Lilia Peralta

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  1. María Gabriela Maridueña-Zavala
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  2. Andrea Freire-Peñaherrera
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  3. Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos
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Correspondence to Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos.

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Maridueña-Zavala, M.G., Freire-Peñaherrera, A., Cevallos-Cevallos, J.M. et al. GC-MS metabolite profiling of Phytophthora infestans resistant to metalaxyl. Eur J Plant Pathol 149, 563–574 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1204-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1204-y

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