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Effects of selective withdrawal on hydrodynamics and water quality of a thermally stratified reservoir in the southern side of the Mediterranean Sea: a simulation approach

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Abstract

This study uses a multidisciplinary approach to simulate the spatial and temporal patterns of hydrodynamics and water quality in a thermally stratified reservoir in the southern side of the Mediterranean Sea in response to water withdrawal elevation using the 2D water quality and laterally averaged hydrodynamic model CE-QUAL-W2. The withdrawal elevation controls largely the transfer of heat and constituents in the dam in particular during thermal stratification. Fifteen scenarios of withdrawal elevation are possible. To identify the most effective scenarios, a hierarchical clustering technique was performed and only four scenarios were clustered. Deep withdrawals deepen the hypoxia, increase the thickness of the metalimnion, and weaken the stratification stability, which facilitate the vertical transfer of heat and dissolved oxygen mainly. Surface withdrawals, however, shrink the metalimnion and tend to strengthen the stratification, resulting in less transfer of matter from the epilimnion to the hypolimnion. Most of the bottom sediment is overlaid by the hypolimnion. The oxygen depletes significantly and waters become anoxic at a few meters depth. For all scenarios, the reservoir experiences a summer hypolimnetic anoxia, which lasts from 42 to 80 days and seems to decrease as withdrawal elevation increases. At the end of stratification, waters below the withdrawal elevation showed a noticeable release of iron, nutrients, and suspended sediments that increases with depth and near-bottom turbulence. Attention should be drawn to shallower withdrawals because they accumulate nutrients and silts continuously in the reservoir, which may deteriorate water quality. Based on these results, a withdrawal elevation rule is presented. This rule may be adjusted to optimize water withdrawal elevation for dams in the region with similar geometry.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments that greatly contributed to improving the final version of the paper. The authors would also like to express their deepest gratitude to Mr. Arfaoui Mustapha (General Direction of Dams and Large Hydraulic Works, Tunisia) and Dr. Faith Githui (Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Agriculture Research Division, Victoria, Australia) for their invaluable contributions to this work.

Compliance with ethical standards

We hereby declare that this work has no conflict of interest to disclose or any relevant financial relationship and is carried out in accordance with the relevant national and local guidelines. We warrant that our research institutions have fully approved that all experiments used were conducted in compliance with ethical and humane principles of research. We affirm that we are familiar with the rules of avoiding plagiarism and ghostwriting. In this manuscript, all the contributions of other individuals or institutions are clearly indicated. The theories presented, methods used, analysis and research, as well as the copyrights to the figures and photographs belong to the authors or are clearly credited in the text. We certify that this work has not been submitted or published in full or in part elsewhere in English or another language, nor is it under consideration elsewhere. All authors have contributed sufficiently to the work and therefore they share collective responsibility and accountability for the results. All coauthors and responsible authorities at the research institution where the work has been carried out are informed before the manuscript is submitted to the EMAS journal.

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  1. R. U. Geochemistry and Environmental Geology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia

    Besma Zouabi-Aloui & Moncef Gueddari

  2. Agriculture Research & Development Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bendigo, Victoria, 3554, Australia

    Segun Michael Adelana

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  1. Besma Zouabi-Aloui
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Zouabi-Aloui, B., Adelana, S.M. & Gueddari, M. Effects of selective withdrawal on hydrodynamics and water quality of a thermally stratified reservoir in the southern side of the Mediterranean Sea: a simulation approach. Environ Monit Assess 187, 292 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4509-3

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