Skip to main content
Log in

Self-similarity in concrete fracture: size-scale effects and transition between different collapse mechanisms

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Fracture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since the pioneering paper by Mandelbrot (Nature, 308:721–722, 1984) on the fractal character of the fracture surfaces in metals, the fractal aspects in the deformation and failure of materials have been investigated by several Researchers (see the reviews by Bouchaud (J Phys Condens Matter, 9:4319–4344) and Carpinteri et al. (Appl Mech Rev, 59:283–305, 2006)) and the attempts to apply fractals to fracture have grown exponentially. Aim of this paper is 2-fold: on one hand, it summarizes in a detailed yet concise fashion the major results of the fractal approach to the scaling of mechanical properties in solid mechanics; on the other hand, it reports some recent results concerning the size effect in the failure of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. These recent findings clearly show that the picture of the size-scale effects is much more complex when interaction among different collapse mechanisms occurs. The consequences on the size-scale effects are discussed in detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angelakos D, Bentz E, Collins M (2001) Effect of concrete strength and minimum stirrups on shear strength of large members. ACI Struct J 98: 290–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Baia Y, Lu C, Ke F, Xia M (1994) Evolution induced catastrophe. Phys Lett A 185: 196–200

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z (1984) Size effect in blunt fracture: concrete, rock, metal. J Eng Mech (ASCE) 110: 518–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z (2002) Concrete fracture models: testing and practice. Eng Fract Mech 69: 165–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z, Kazemi M (1991) Size effect on diagonal shear failure of beams without stirrups. ACI Struct J 88: 268–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z, Kazemi M (2006) Discussion on “Repeating a classic set of experiments on size effect in shear of members without stirrups” paper by E.C. Bentz and S. Buckley. ACI Struct J 105: 754–755

    Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z, Yavari A (2005) Is the cause of size effect on structural strength fractal or energetic-statistical?. Eng Fract Mech 72: 1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z, Yavari A (2007) Response to A. Carpinteri, B. Chiaia, P. Cornetti and S. Puzzi’s comments on “Is the cause of size effect on structural strength fractal or energetic-statistical?”. Eng Fract Mech 74: 2897–2910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bažant Z, Yu Q (2005) Designing against size effect on shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without stirrups: I. formulation. J Struct Eng (ASCE) 131: 1877–1885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentz E, Buckley S (2005) Repeating a classic set of experiments on size effect in shear of members without stirrups. ACI Struct J 102: 832–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchaud E (1997) Scaling properties of cracks. J Phys Condens Matter 9: 4319–4344

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchaud E, Lapasset G, Planés J (1990) Fractal dimension of fractured surfaces: a universal value. Europhys Lett 13: 73–79

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A (1981) A fracture mechanics model for reinforced concrete collapse. In: Advanced mechanics of reinforced concrete. Proceedings of a IABSE Colloquium, Delft, the Netherlands, Delft University of Technology Press, Delft, pp 17–30

  • Carpinteri A (1984) Stability of fracturing process in R.C. beams. J Struct Eng (ASCE) 110: 544–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A (1986) Mechanical damage and crack growth in concrete: plastic collapse to brittle fracture. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A (1989) Decrease of apparent tensile and bending strength with specimen size: two different explanations based on fracture mechanics. Int J Solids Struct 25: 407–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A (1994) Fractal nature of material microstructure and size effects on apparent mechanical properties. Mech Mater 18: 89–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A (1994) Scaling laws and renormalization groups for strength and toughness of disordered materials. Int J Solids Struct 31: 291–302

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B (1995) Multifractal nature of concrete fracture surfaces and size effects on nominal fracture energy. Mater Struct 28: 435–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B (1996) Power scaling laws and dimensional transitions in solid mechanics. Chaos Solitons Fractals 7: 1343–1364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B (1996) Size effects on concrete fracture energy: dimensional transition from order to disorder. Mater Struct 29: 259–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B (1997) Multifractal scaling laws in the breaking behavior of disordered materials. Chaos Solitons Fractals 8: 135–150

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B (2002) Embrittlement and decrease of apparent strength in large-sized concrete structures. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Sadhana) 27: 425–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Cornetti P (2002) A fractional calculus approach to the description of stress and strain localization in fractal media. Chaos Solitons Fractals 13: 85–94

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Cornetti P (2002) Size effects on concrete tensile fracture properties: an interpretation of the fractal approach based on the aggregate grading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 13: 233–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Ferro G (1994) Size effects on tensile fracture properties: a unified explanation based on disorder and fractality of concrete microstructure. Mater Struct 28: 563– 571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Ferro G (1998) Scaling behaviour and dual renormalization of experimental tensile softening responses. Mater Struct 31: 303–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Puzzi S (2008) The fractal-statistical approach to the size-scale effects on material strength and toughness. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics. doi:10.1016/j.probengmech.2008.01.003

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B, Ferro G (1995) Size effects on nominal tensile strength of concrete structures: multifractality of material ligaments and dimensional transition from order to disorder. Mater Struct 28: 311–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B, Ferro G (1998) Scale dependence of tensile strength of concrete specimens: a multifractal approach. Mag Concr Res 50: 237–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B, Cornetti P (2002) A scale-invariant cohesive crack model for quasi-brittle materials. Eng Fract Mech 69: 207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Chiaia B, Cornetti P (2003) On the mechanics of quasi-brittle materials with a fractal microstructure. Eng Fract Mech 70: 2321–2349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Cornetti P, Kolwankar KM (2004) Calculation of the tensile and flexural strength of disordered materials using fractional calculus. Chaos Solitons Fractals 21: 623–632

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Cornetti P, Puzzi S (2006) Scaling laws and multi-scale approach to the mechanics of heterogeneous and disordered materials. Appl Mech Rev 59: 283–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Carmona J, Ventura G (2007) Propagation of flexural and shear cracks through reinforced concrete beams by the bridged crack model. Mag Concr Res 59: 743–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpinteri A, Ventura G, Carmona J (2007) Flexural to shear and crushing failure transitions in RC beams by the bridged crack model. In: Carpinteri A, Gambarova P, Ferro G, Plizzari G (eds) Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures (Proceedings of the 6th International FraMCoS Conference, Catania, Italy, 2007), vol. 2. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 677–684

  • Carpinteri A, Carmona J, Ventura G (2008) Flexural, shear and crushing failure transitions in RC beams p. to appear

  • Collins M, Kuchma D (1999) How safe are our large, lightly reinforced concrete beams, slabs and footings?. ACI Struct J 96: 482–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Feder J (1988) Fractals. Plenum Press, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson P, Hillerborg A (1983) Sensitivity in shear strength of longitudinally reinforced concrete beams to fracture energy of concrete. ACI Struct J 83: 286–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson P (1976) Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements. Cem Concr Res 6: 773–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenq Y, Shah S (1989) Shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams - a fracture mechanics approach. In: Li V, Bažant Z (eds) Fracture mechanics: applications to concrete. Concrete Institute, Detroit, pp 237–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiser T, Bocek M (1986) The fractal nature of slip in crystals. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 77: 582–587

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu C (2007) Some notes on the study of fractals in fracture. In: F.A. et al. (ed) Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Brisbane, pp 234–239

  • Lu C, Mai YW (2005) Influence of aspect ratio on barrier properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Phys Rev Lett 95(088): 303

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandelbrot B (1982) The fractal geometry of nature. W. H. Freemann & Company, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelbrot BB, Passoja DE, Paullay AJ (1984) Fractal character of fracture surfaces of metals. Nature 308: 721–722

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panin V, Elsukova T, Angelova G, Kuznetsov P (2002) Mechanism of formation of fractal mesostructure at the surface of polycrystals upon cyclic loading. Phys Met Metallogr 94: 402–412

    Google Scholar 

  • So K, Karihaloo B (1993) Shear capacity of longitudinally reinforced beams—a fracture mechanics approach. ACI Struct J 90: 591–600

    Google Scholar 

  • van Mier J, van Vliet M (1999) Effect of strain gradients on the size effect of concrete in uniaxial tension. Int J Fract 94: 195–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Vecchio F (2000) Analysis of shear-critical reinforced concrete beams. ACI Struct J 97: 102–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Vecchio F, Collins M (1986) The modified compression-field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear. ACI J 83: 219–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventura G, Carpinteri A, Ferro G (2004) Double brittle- to-ductile transition in bending of fibre reinforced concrete beams with rebars. Int J Numer Methods Geomech 28: 737–756

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss J (2001) Self-affinity of fracture surfaces and implications on a possible size effect on fracture energy. Int J Fract 109: 365–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simone Puzzi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carpinteri, A., Puzzi, S. Self-similarity in concrete fracture: size-scale effects and transition between different collapse mechanisms. Int J Fract 154, 167–175 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-008-9278-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-008-9278-3

Keywords

Navigation