Abstract
Fish play a key role in the trophic dynamics of lakes, not least in shallow systems. With climate warming, complex changes in fish community structure may be expected owing to the direct and indirect effects of temperature, and indirect effects of eutrophication, water-level changes and salinisation on fish metabolism, biotic interactions and geographical distribution. We review published and new data supporting the hypotheses that, with a warming climate, there will be changes in: fish community structure (e.g. higher or lower richness depending on local conditions); life history traits (e.g. smaller body size, shorter life span, earlier and less synchronised reproduction); feeding mode (i.e. increased omnivory and herbivory); behaviour (i.e. stronger association with littoral areas and a greater proportion of benthivores); and winter survival. All these changes imply higher predation on zooplankton and macroinvertebrates with increasing temperatures, suggesting that the changes in the fish communities partly resemble, and may intensify, the effects triggered by eutrophication. Modulating factors identified in cold and temperate systems, such as the presence of submerged plants and winter ice cover, seem to be weaker or non-existent in warm(ing) lakes. Consequently, in the future lower nutrient thresholds may be needed to obtain clear-water conditions and good ecological status in the future in currently cold or temperate lakes. Although examples are still scarce and more research is needed, we foresee biomanipulation to be a less successful restoration tool in warm(ing) lakes without a strong reduction of the nutrient load.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers and A.M. Poulsen and Guest Editor Brian Moss for most valuable manuscript editing and Tinna Christensen for graphical assistance. The results described were obtained during the EU BIOMAN, EU EUROLIMPACS and EU WISER projects, and the CLEAR project (a Villum Kann Rasmussen Centre of Excellence Project). This study was also supported by the Research Council for Nature and Universe (272-08-0406), the STF project CRES and the Greenland Climate Research Centre. Moreover, MM, FTM, CI and NM received support from the SNI (Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación, ANII, Uruguay). Monitoring of Swedish lakes was funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
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We dedicate this manuscript to the memory of Jane Stougaard-Pedersen, a great and beloved colleague from the Freshwater Department, NERI.
Guest editors: M. Meerhoff, M. Beklioglu, R. Burks, F. García-Rodríguez, N. Mazzeo & B. Moss / Structure and Function of World Shallow Lakes: Proceedings from the 6th Shallow Lakes Congress, held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, 23–28 November, 2008
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Jeppesen, E., Meerhoff, M., Holmgren, K. et al. Impacts of climate warming on lake fish community structure and potential effects on ecosystem function. Hydrobiologia 646, 73–90 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0171-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0171-5