Abstract
Transmission lines with distributed parameters are often used as electrical energy storage units and high-voltage (high-current) pulse shapers in electrophysical facilities. To increase the pulse power and reduce the dimensions of the equipment, deionized water, purified from mechanical impurities and gas, is used as an insulator in lines. Water has a high breakdown strength ((BS) ∼ 130 kV/cm) at pulses with a duration of ∼1 µs and electrode areas of up to tens of square meters, a large value of the relative permittivity (∼80), and a small loss tangent in the frequency range 0–1 GHz. Water also possesses a number of characteristics needed to achieve the above aims. We review here the data on the electrical properties of water and the studies of it published over the last three decades; the methods for increasing the water BS and the influence of numerous factors on the BS; the physical mechanism of water breakdown and the basic regularities of the BS in strong electric fields; the BS in the most frequently used electrode systems; formulas for calculating the water BS under different conditions and over the surfaces of solid dielectrics; the characteristics of mixtures of water and ethylene glycol or methanol; water purification systems for electrophysical facilities; the comparative parameters of coaxial energy storage units having various insulators, etc. The summary generalizes the brief and predominantly reference information on the electrical properties of water and its applications for researchers, engineers, and the users of the equipment having water insulation; it can help to solve related problems more quickly and reliably.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Scherrer, V.E., Exploding Wires, Chace, W.G. and Moore, H.K., Eds., New York: Plenum Press, 1959, p. 118. Translated under the title Vzryvayushchiesya provolochki, Rukhadze A.A, Ed., Moscow: Inostrannaya Literatura, 1963, vol. 1, p. 109.
Mesyats, G.A., Ivanov, S.A., Komyak, N.I., and Peliks, E.A., Moshchnye nanosekundnye impul’sy rentgenovskogo izlucheniya (High-Power Nanosecond X-ray Pulses), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1983, p. 101.
Rudakov, L.I., Generatsiya i fokusirovka sil’notochnykh relyativistskikh elektronnykh puchkov (Generation and Focusing of High-Current Relativistic Electron Beams), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1990, p. 33.
Abramyan, E.A., Al’terkop, B.A., and Kuleshov, G.D., Intensivnye elektronnye puchki: fizika, tekhnika, primenenie (Intense Electron Beams: Physics, Engineering, and Applications), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1984, p. 151.
Voinov, M.A., Gerasimov, A.I., Gordeev, V.S., et al., Vopr. Atom. Nauki Tekh., Ser. Yad.-Fiz. Issled., 1999, no. 3, p. 82.
Gordeev, V.S., Basmanov, V.F., Myskov, G.A., et al., Vopr. Atom. Nauki Tekh., Ser. Yad.-Fiz. Issled., 2001, no. 3, p. 50.
Ushakov, V.Ya., Impul’snyi elektricheskii proboi zhidkostei (Pulse Electric Breakdown of Liquids), Tomsk: Tomsk. Univ., 1975.
Ushakov, V.Ya., Moshchnye nanosekundnye impul’snye istochniki uskorennykh elektronov, (High-Power Nanosecond Pulse Sources of Accelerated Electrons) Mesyats, G.A., Ed., Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984, p. 96.
Ushakov, V.Ya., Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Fiz., 1979, no. 1, p. 105.
Schoenbach, K.H., Cooper, J., Garner, A., et al., 14th Int. Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams, BEAMS 2002, New York: American Institute of Physics, 2002, p. 111.
Kapishnikov, N.K., Lipov, G.V., and Muratov, V.M., Tekh. Elektrodin., 1986, no. 6, p. 3.
Kovsharov, N.F., Ratakhin, N.A., and Fedushchak, V.F., Prib. Tekh. Eksp., 1990, no. 2, p. 114.
Frohlich, H., Teory of Dielectrics, London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968.
Zan, M., Oki, E., Fennemen, D.B., et al., Trudy IIER, 1986, vol. 74, no.9, p. 15 [Proc. IEEE, 1986, vol. 74, no.8, p. 1112].
Mierdel, G., Elektrophysik: Hochschulebuch für Electrotechniker, Berlin: Verlagtechnik, 1970. Translated under the title Elektrofizika, Moscow: Mir, 1972, p. 392.
Fenneman, D.B. and Gripshover, R.J., IEEE Trans., 1980, vol. PS-8, no.3, p. 209.
Rohwein, G.J., 5th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf., (Arlington, 1985), New York: IEEE, 1985, vol. 1, p. 339.
Kapishnikov, N.K. and Lipov, G.V., Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1991, vol. 61, no.9, p. 181 [Tech. Phys., 1991, vol. 39, no. 9, p.1070].
Voronin, V.V., Tananakin, V.A., Pavlov, S.S., et al., 11th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. (Baltimore, Maryland, 1997), New York: IEEE, 1997, vol. 2, p. 1566.
Akemoto, M. and Takeda, S., 9th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. (Albuquerque, NM, 1993), New York: IEEE, 1993, vol. 1, p. 316.
Tokuchi, A., Ninomiya, N., Jiang, W., and Yatsui, K., Abstracts of Papers, 13th Intern. Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams, BEAMS 2000, Nagaoka: Nagaoka Univ. of Technology, 2000, p. 316.
Schneider, L., Reed, K., Harjes, H., et al., 12th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. (Baltimore, Maryland, 1999), New York: IEEE, 1999, vol. 1, p. 523.
Kratkii spravochnik fiziko-khimicheskikh velichin (Brief Handbook of Physicochemical Quantities) Mishchenko, K.P., and Ravdel’, A.A., Eds., Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1959, p. 66.
Ushakov, V.Ya., Izolyatsiya ustanovok vysokogo napryazheniya (Insulation of High-Voltage Plants), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1994.
Korobeinikov, S.M., Melekhov, A.V., Sinikh, Yu.N., and Soloveichik, Yu.G., Teplofiz. Vys. Temp., 2001, vol. 39, no.3, p. 395 [High Temp., vol. 39, no. 3, p. 368].
Korobeinikov, S.M., Melekhov, A.V., and Besov, A.S., Teplofiz. Vys. Temp., 2002, vol. 40, no.5, p. 706 [High Temp., vol. 40, no. 5, p. 652].
Anpilov, A.M., Barkhudarov, E.M., Kop’ev, V.A., et al., Fiz. Plasmy, 2004, vol. 30, no.7, p. 683 [Plasma Phys. Rep., 2004, vol. 30, no. 7, 632].
Khart, E. and Anbar, M., Gidratirovannyi elektron (Hydrated Electron), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1973.
Berezhetskaya, N.K., Kop’ev, V.A., Kossyi, I.A., et al., Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1991, vol. 61, no.2, p. 179 [Tech. Phys., 1991, vol. 36, no. 2, p. 228].
Naugol’nykh, K.A. and Roi, N.A., Elektricheskii razryad v vode (Electric Discharge in Water), Moscow: Nauka, 1971.
Korolev, Yu.D. and Mesyats, G.A., Avtoemissionnye i vzryvnye protsessy v gazovom razryade (Cold Emission and Explosion in Gas Discharge), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1982.
Bark, Yu.B., Barkhudarov, E.M., Kozlov, Yu.N., et al., J.Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 2000, vol. 33, no.4, p. 859.
Yanshin, E.V., Ovchinnikov, I.T., and Vershinin, Yu.N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1974, vol. 214, no.6, p. 1303 [Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1974, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1303].
Martin, J.C., Nanosecond Pulsed Technologies, SSWA/JCM, 1970, no. 704/49, p. 704.
Frazier, G.B., J. Vac. Sci. Technol, 1975, vol. 12, no.6, p. 1183.
Kuchinskii, G.S., Lysakovskii, G.G., Monastyrskii, A.E., et al., Elektrichestvo, 1981, no. 10, p. 41.
Ushakov, V.Ya., Kapishnikov, N.K., and Kukhta, V.R., Impul’snyi proboi v dielektrikakh (Impulse Breakdown in Dielectrics), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985, p. 114.
Smith, I.D., Impulse Breakdown of Deionized Water. SSWA/JCM/6511/B. UKAEA. Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Aldermaston, 1965.
Van Devender, J.P., Proc. IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. Lubbock, Tex., 1976, New York: IEEE, 1976, vol. 1, p. 111.
Kolechitskii, E.S., Raschet elektricheskikh polei ustroistv vysokogo napryazheniya (Calculation of Electric Fields of High-Voltage Devices), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1983.
Belousov, F.A., Emel’yanov, A.S., Grichuk, A.N., et al., Elektrichestvo, 2003, no. 4, p. 49.
Dashuk, P.N., Emel’yanov, A.S., and Ivanova, T.A., Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Fiz., 1968, no. 2, p. 111.
Bagin, V.V. and Ushakov, V.Ya., Elektrichestvo, 1972, no. 4, p. 76.
Ushakov, V.Ya., Muratov, V.M., Lopatin, V.V., et al., Elektrichestvo, 1980, no. 12, p. 56.
Kellogg, J.C., Boller, J.R., Comisso, R.J., et al., 10th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf., (Albuquerque, NM, 1995), New York: IEEE, 1995, vol. 1, p. 423.
DiCapua, M.S. and Shannon, J.A., 5th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf., (Albuquerque, NM, 1985), New York: IEEE, 1985, vol. 1, p. 306.
Stygar, W.A., Spielman, R.B., and Anderson, R.A., 12th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. (Albuquerque, NM, 1999), New York: IEEE, 1999, vol. 1, p. 454.
Mankowski, J, Truman, K, Wetz, M, et al., in 13th SHCE Proc., Kovalchuk, B. and Remnev, G., Eds., Tomsk: IAO SB RAS, 2004, p. 127.
Abramyan, E.A., Kornilov, V.A., Lagunov, V.M., et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1971, vol. 201, no.1, p. 56 [Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1971, vol. 16, no. 11, p. 983].
Vorob’ev, V.V, Kapitonov, V.A., Kruglyakov, E.D., and Tsidulko, Yu.A., Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1980, vol. 50, no.8, p. 993 [Tech. Phys., 1980, vol. 25, no. 8, p. 1705].
Zahn, M., Ohki, Y., Gottwald, J., et al., 8th Inter. Conf. on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids (Pavia,1984), New York: IEEE, 1984, p. 88.
Zahn, M., Ohki, Y., Rhoads, K., et al., 16th Power Modulator Symp., Arlington, VA, 1984, p. 259.
Gehman, V.H., Gripshover, R.J., Berger, T.L., et al., 10th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. (Albuquerque, NM, 1995), New York: IEEE, 1995, vol. 1, p. 550.
Kot, A.A., Vodopodgotovka i vodnyi rezhim atomnykh elektrostantsii (Water Treatment and Water Regime of Atomic Power Station), Moscow: Atomizdat, 1964.
Komin, S.N., Kuchinskii, G.S., and Morozov, E.A., Elektrichestvo, 1987, no. 12, p. 13.
Kogan, V.B., Friman, V.M., and Kafarov, V.V., Spravochnik po rastvorimosti (Solubility Handbook), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1961, vol. 1, p. 37.
Komin, S.N. and Morozov, E.A., USSR Inventor’s Certificate 1618292, Byull. Izobret., 1990, no. 48, p. 226.
Weldon, W.F., 4th IEEE Intern. Pulsed Power Conf. (Arlington, 1983), New York: IEEE, 1983, vol. 1, p. 6.
Bolund, B.F., Berglung, M., and Bernhoff, H., J. Appl. Phys., 2003, vol. 93, no.5, p. 2895.
Akhadov, Ya.Yu., Dielektricheskie svoistva chistykh zhidkostei (Dielectric Properties of Neat Liquids), Moscow: Izd. Standartov, 1972.
Vikhrev, V.F. and Shkrob, M.S., Vodopodgotovka (Water Treatment), Moscow: Energiya, 1973.
Gromoglasov, A.A., Kopylov, A.S., and Pil’shchikov, A.P., Vodopodgotovka: protsessy i apparaty (Water Treatment: Processes and Devices), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1990.
Chemical Engineers Handbook, Perry, J.H., Ed., New York-Toronto-London: MsGraw-Hill, 1963. Translated under the title Spravochnik inzhenera-khimika Perry, J., Ed., Leningrad: Khimiya, 1969, vol. 2, p. 32.
Posobie po izucheniyu pravil tekhnicheskoi ekspluatatsii elektricheskikh stantsii i setei. Razdely 4, 5 (Manual on Study of Rules of Technical Maintenance of Electric Stations and Mains. Section 4, 5), Antipov, K.M., Gorin, V.I., Marinov, A.M., et al., Eds., Moscow: Energiya, 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
__________
Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 2, 2005, pp. 9–38.
Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gerasimov.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gerasimov, A.I. Water as an insulator in pulsed facilities (Review). Instrum Exp Tech 48, 141–167 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10786-005-0029-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10786-005-0029-7