Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Utilization of Slovak bentonites in deposition of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel

  • Published:
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The basic strategic aims in the field of managing high-level radioactive waste and liquidation of nuclear power plants are all contained in the Energy policy of the Slovak Republic. Its aim is to resolve the concept of the backside of the nuclear energetics fuel cycle—long-term deposition of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The most important form of high-level radioactive waste and SNF long-term deposition is their deposition in deep geological formations created by natural as well as engineering barriers used to isolate the long-lived radionuclides from the biosphere. The basic components of these barriers are clays, of which bentonite is generally referred to as the most suitable clay material. There are a few significant bentonite deposits in the Slovak Republic: Jelšový potok, Kopernica, Lastovce, Lieskovec, Dolná Ves. The review article summarizes the information on geotechnical properties of Slovak bentonites published up-to-date, which is inevitable to know for the intention of their use. It highlights the advantages and shows drawbacks of five Slovak deposits. It suggests further research direction, to draw a thorough hydraulical, microbial and radiation profile of Slovak bentonites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Slovenské elektrárne, as. (2001) Hlbinné geologické úložisko pre vyhorené jadrové palivo a rádioaktívne odpady. http://www.seas.sk/_cms_/_files/1183/HU_72dpi_WWW.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2010

  2. Jedináková-Křížová V, Zeman J, Vinšová H, Hanslík E (2010) Bentonite stability, speciation and migration behaviour of some critical radionuclides. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 286(3):719–727

    Google Scholar 

  3. Filipská H, Štamberg K (2005) Experimental study and mathematical modeling of Cs(I) and Sr(II) sorption on bentonite as barrier material in deep geological repository. Acta Geodyn Geomater 2(2):77–84

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vokál A, Filipská H, Jedináková-Křížová V, Štamberg K, Vopálka D (2006) Radiochemical studies in the development of deep geological repository in the Czech Republic. Czechoslov J Phys 56(4):D63–D71

    Google Scholar 

  5. Prvakova S, Duran J, Necas V (2005) Evaluation of radionuclide migration in the homogeneous system of a geological repository. Int J Nucl Energy Sci Technol 1(4):265–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chmielewská E, Kuruc J (2008) Odpady. Nakladanie s tuhým neaktívnym a rádioaktívnym odpadom. Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  7. Drábová D (2004) Hlubinné úložište radioaktívního odpadu a vyhořelého jaderného paliva (od emocí k hledání řešení). Urbanizmus a územní rozvoj VII/5:8–11

    Google Scholar 

  8. Slaninka I, Hók J, Franzen J (2007) Status and development of deep geological repository in Slovak republic from geological point of view. Acta Montan Slovava 1(12):17–23

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bauer V, Šofranko M, Stavnikovič M (2007) Research of the multibarrier system for an underground deposition of radioactive wastes. Acta Montan Slovava 1(12):217–225

    Google Scholar 

  10. Prváková S, Pospíšil M, Ďúran J (2004) Geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in clay host formation in Slovakia, 199–202. In: Stability and buffering capacity of the geosphere for long-term isolation of radioactive waste, OECD, Paris, p 241

  11. Bartko M, Éhn L (2007) Safety barriers and complex operational monitoring system of the radioactive waste deposit of Slovakia RÚ RAO in Mochovce including its perspective and extension. Acta Montan Slovava 12(1):9–16

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jenne EA (1998) Adsorption of metals by geomedia. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  13. Slaninka I, Frankovská J, Kordík J (2008) Výber lokalít pre hlbinné geologické úložisko rádioaktívnych odpadov v SR. Enviromagazín 5:12–13

    Google Scholar 

  14. Styra B, Butkus D (1990) Geophysical problems of Krypton-85 in the atmosphere. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 153 pp

  15. Adamcová R, Madsen FT (1996) Heavy metal retardation in some Slovak clays and clayey soils. Geologica Carpathica Clays 5(1):13–20

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hiller E (2000) Stručná teória difúzie a jej aplikácia v environmentálnej geochémii. Geochémia 2000, Bratislava, pp 103–107

  17. Jesenák K (2001) Prírodné sorbenty a ich využitie pri ochrane životného prostredia. Biológia Ekológia Chémia 6:28–33

    Google Scholar 

  18. Čipáková A (2002) Imobilizácia rádionuklidov a kadmia v pôdach aplikáciou zeolitu [The immobilisation of radionuclides and cadmium in soils using application of zeolite]. J Hydrol Hydromech 50(4):320–340

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lichner L’, Čipáková A (2002) Cadmium distribution coefficients and Cd transport in structured soils. Rostl Výr 48:96–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Adamcová R (2002) Retardation capability of mineral linings of waste disposal sites. Acta Geol Univ Comen 57:5–33

    Google Scholar 

  21. Obut A (2005) Sedimentation Characteristics of Kaolin and Bentonite in Concentrated Solutions. Acta Montan Slovava 10(1):145–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jesenák K (2006) Čo sú to fylosilikáty. Biológia Ekológia Chémia 11(1):18–23

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lichner L, Dlapa P, Sir M, Cipakova A, Houskova B, Fasko P, Nagy V (2006) The fate of cadmium in field soils of the Danubian lowland. Soil Tillage Res 85:154–165

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jablonská K, Štyriaková I (2007) Application possibility of bentonite and zeolite in bioremediation. Adv Mater Res 20–21:295–298

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kraus I (2008) Nové trendy a možnosti využívania nerudných surovín na Slovensku. Mineralia Slovaca 40:175–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Pusch R, Kasbohm J, Pacovsky J, Cechova Z (2007) Are all smectite clays suitable as “buffers”? Phys Chem Earth 32:116–122

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hiller E, Šutriepka M (2008) Effect of drying on the sorption and desorption of copper in bottom sediments from water reservoirs and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals and arsenic. J Hydrol Hydromech 55(1):45–58

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kadlečíková M, Breza J, Jesenák K, Pastorková K, Luptáková V, Kolmačka M, Vojačková A, Michalka M, Vávra I, Križanová Z (2008) The growth of carbon nanotubes on montmorillonite and zeolite (clinoptilolite). Appl Surf Sci 254(16):5073–5079

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mockovčiaková A, Matik M, Orolínová Z, Hudec P, Kmecová E (2008) Structural characteristic of modified natural zeolite. J Porous Mater 15(5):559–564

    Google Scholar 

  30. Barany S, Kozakova I, Marcinova L, Skvarla J (2010) Electrokinetic potential of bentonite and kaolin particles in the presence of polymer mixtures. Colloid J 5:595–601

    Google Scholar 

  31. Olu-Owolabi BI, Popoola DB, Unuabonah EI (2010) Removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solution by bentonite clay modified with binary mixture of goethite and humic acid. Water Air Soil Pollut 211(1–4):459–474

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Čipáková A, Hiller E, Lichner L’ (2011) Interaction and fractionation of added cadmium in some typical soils of the Danubian Lowland. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 287(1):157–165

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gregor M, Číčel B (1969) Bentonit a jeho použite. SAV, Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  34. Šucha V (2001) Íly v geologických procesoch. Acta Geologica, Universitas Comenianae, Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hraško L’ (1999) Zhodnotenie vhodných geologických štruktúr na definitívne ukladanie rádioaktívnych a toxických odpadov na území SR. Geologická služba SR Bratislava. Manuskript, Archív Geofondu, p 266

  36. Adamcová R, Haasová Z (2005) Vybrané fyzikálne vlastnosti bentonitu pre úložisko rádioaktívneho odpadu. Mineralia Slovaca 37(3):387–389

    Google Scholar 

  37. Jesenák K (2006) Prehl’ad priemyselných a environmentálnych aplikácií fylosilikátov. Partikulárne látky vo vede, priemysle a v životnom prostredí, Košice, pp 90–94

  38. Jesenák K (2007) Stručný prehľad vlastností a použitia fylosilikátov. In: VII. Conference preparation of ceramic materials. Technická, Košice, pp 58–61

  39. Jesenák K (2009) Anorganické pórovité látky prírodného pôvodu. Silikátnik 2009:21–26

    Google Scholar 

  40. Uhlík P, Osacký M, Stríček I, Šucha V, Honty M (2006) Bentonit ako bariéra v hlbinných úložiskách rádioaktívneho odpadu. Súčasné trendy a problémy vo výskume nerudných nerastných surovín. ŠGUDŠ, Bratislava, pp 68–71

  41. Jesenák K (2010) Exkurzia po miestach ťažby a spracovania anorganických surovín na Slovensku. Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  42. Krajčovič J, Kubranová M, Horváth I, Grejtak F (1992) Reversible hydration of Al pillared an Na-montmorillonite. Geologica Carpathica Clays 1(1):43–46

    Google Scholar 

  43. Fajnor V, Kuchta L’, Jesenák K (1992) Is montmorillonite Jelšový Potok a mixture of two types? In: 12th Conference on Clay mineralogy and petrology, Bratislava, 27 pp

  44. Jesenák K, Kuchta L’, Fajnor V (1992) Granulometric analysis of bentonite from Jelšový Potok. In: 12th Conference on Clay mineralogy and petrology, Bratislava, p 47

  45. Jesenák K, Šucha V (1992) Trace elements in bentonite Jelšový Potok—Stará Kremnička. In: 12th conference on Clay mineralogy and petrology, Bratislava, p 46

  46. Šucha V, Kraus I, Mosser C, Hroncová ZA, Sobolieva K, Siranová V (1992) Mixed-layer illite/smectite from the Dolna Ves hydrothermal deposit, the Western Carpathians Kreminica mts. Geologica Carpathica Clays 1(1):13–19

    Google Scholar 

  47. Šucha V, Kraus I, Gerthofferová H, Petes J, Sereková M (1993) Smectite to illite conversion in bentonites and shales of the East Slovak Basin. Clay Miner 28(2):243–253

    Google Scholar 

  48. Butkus D, Krenevičius R (1996) Influence of radioactive noble gases on the air ionization variation in the environment of nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Atmos Phys 18(2):43–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hlavatý V, Fajnor VŠ (2002) Thermal stability of clay/organic intercalation complexes. J Therm Anal Calorim 67(1):113–118

    Google Scholar 

  50. Honty M, Uhlík P, Šucha V, Čaplovičová M, Francu J, Clauer N, Biroň A (2004) Smectite-to-illite alteration in salt-bearing bentonites (The East Slovak Basin). Clays Clay Miner 52(5):533–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Adamcová R, Haasová Z, Schügerl R, Magulová B (2006) Alternatívne metódy pre laboratórne stanovenie vybraných vlastností bentonitov. Geológia a životné prostredie 5, ŠGÚDŠ

  52. Adamcová R, Valter M, Füri B (2008) Poznatky o termofyzikálnych aspektoch vybraných slovenských bentonitov. In: Zb. Geológia životné prostredie 6, ŠGÚDŠ Bratislava, pp 75–80

  53. Adamcová R, Valter M, Ploetze M (2008) The response of two bentonites to an acid and/or thermal attack. Mineralogia—Special Papers 33:35

    Google Scholar 

  54. Andráš P, Nagyová I, Melichová Z (2008) Separácia a identifikácia ílových minerálov z haldových polí ložiska L’ubietová pre účely štúdia ich sorpčných vlastností. Chem Listy 102(8):684

    Google Scholar 

  55. Andrejkovičová S, Madejová J, Czímerová A, Galko I, Dohrmann R, Komadel P (2006) Mineralogy and chemistry of Fe-rich bentonite from the Lieskovec deposit (Central Slovakia). Geologica Carphatica 57(5):371–378

    Google Scholar 

  56. Frankovská J, Andrejkovičová S, Janotka I (2010) Effect of NaCl on hydraulic properties of bentonite and bentonite–palygorskite mixture. Geosynth Int 17(4):250–259

    Google Scholar 

  57. Bayram H, Önal M, Yılmaz H, Sarıkaya Y (2010) Thermal analysis of a white calcium bentonite. J Therm Anal Calorim 101(3):873–879

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Číčel B, Komadel P, Bednáriková E, Madejová J (1992) Mineralogical composition and distribution of Si, Al, Fe, Mg, and Ca in the fine fractions of some Czech and Slovak bentonites. Geologica Carpathica Clays 1(1):3–7

    Google Scholar 

  59. Madejová J, Komadel P, Číčel B (1992) Infrared spectra of some Czech and Slovak smectites and their correlation with structural formulas. Geologica Carpathica Clays 1(1):9–12

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jesenák K (2002) Environmentálna anorganická chémia. Nadácia Jana Husa, Bratislava, PriF UK

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kónya J, Nagy NM, Nemes Z (2005) The effect of mineral composition on the sorption of cesium ions on geological formations. J Colloid Interface Sci 290(2):350–356

    Google Scholar 

  62. Nemes Z, Nagy N, Komlosi A, Kónya J (2006) The effect of mineral composition on the interaction of strontium ions with geological formations. Appl Clay Sci 32(3–4):172–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Komadel P, Madejová J (2006) Acid activation of clay minerals, chap 7.1. Handb Clay Sci 1:263–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Komadel P, Anastácio AS, Andrejkovičová S, Stucki JW (2008) Iron phases identified in bentonite from the Lieskovec deposit (Slovakia) by variable-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy. Clay Miner 43(1):107–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Adamcová R, Frankovská J, Drmeková T (2009) Engineering geological clay research for a radioactive waste repository in Slovakia. Acta Geologica Slovaca 1(2):71–82

    Google Scholar 

  66. Misaelides P, Godelitsas A (1999) Interaction of actinides with natural microporous materials: a review. Czech J Phys 49(1):167–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Marinin DV, Brown GN (2000) Studies of sorbent/ion-exchange materials for the removal of radioactive strontium from liquid radioactive waste and high hardness groundwaters. Waste Manag 20:545–553

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Altas Y, Tel H, Yaprak G (2003) Sorption kinetics of cesium on hydrous titanium dioxide. Radiochim Acta 91:603–606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Khan SA (2003) Sorption of the long-lived radionuclides cesium-134, strontium-85 and cobalt-60 on bentonite. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 258(1):3–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Nemes Z, Nagy NM, Kónya J (2005) Kinetics of strontium ion adsorption on natural clay samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 266(2):289–293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gurboga G, Tel H, Altas Y (2005) Sorption studies of cesium on TiO2–SiO2 mixed gel spheres. Sep Purif Technol 47(3):96–104

    Google Scholar 

  72. Gurboga G, Tel H (2005) Preparation of TiO2–SiO2 mixed gel spheres for strontium adsorption. J Hazard Mater 120(1–3):135–142

    Google Scholar 

  73. Vejsada J, Vokál A, Vopálka D, Filipská H (2006) Study of cesium sorption on Na and Ca-Mg bentonites using batch and diffusion experiments. Czech J Phys 56(4):D73–D79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Inan S, Tel H, Altas Y (2006) Sorption studies of strontium on hydrous zirconium dioxide. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 267:615–621

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mockovčiaková A, Orolínová Z (2009) Adsorption properties of modified bentonite clay. Cheminé Technologija 1(50):47–50

    Google Scholar 

  76. Chegrouche S, Mellah A, Barkat M (2009) Removal of strontium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Desalin 235(1–3):306–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ulevičius V, Butkus D, Plauškaite K, Girgždys A, Byčenkiene S, Špirkauskaite N (2009) Impact of Krypton-85 beta radiation on aerosol particle formation and transformation. Lith J Phys 49(4):471–478

    Google Scholar 

  78. Andrejkovičová S, Pentrák M, Jankovič L’, Komadel P (2010) Sorption of heavy metal cations on rhyolitic and andesitic bentonites from Central Slovakia. Geologica Carpathica 61(2):163–171

    Google Scholar 

  79. Melichová Z, Hromada L, Nagyová I (2010) Štúdium sorpcie olova na prírodný neupravovaný bentonit z ložiska Lieskovec. Anorganická chémia v tret’om tisícročí: seminár venovaný 45. výročiu výučby a výskumu na KACH PF UPJŠ, pp 40–41

  80. Vereš J, Orolínová Z, Mockovčiaková A, Jakabský Š, Bakalár T (2010) Removal of nickel by natural and magnetically modified bentonite. In: Water treatment technologies for the removal of high-toxicity pollutants. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Earth Environ Sci, pp 289–294

  81. Gao L, Yang Z, Shi K, Wang X, Guo Z, Wu W (2010) U(VI) sorption on kaolinite: effects of pH, U(VI) concentration and oxyanions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 284(3):519–526

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mockovčiaková A, Orolínová Z, Škvarla J (2010) Enhancement of the bentonite properties. J Hazard Mater 180:274–281

    Google Scholar 

  83. Butkus D, Kleiza J (2011) Adsorption of 85Kr radioactive inert gas into hardening mixtures. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 287(1):247–254

    Google Scholar 

  84. Chmielewská-Horváthová E, Lesný J (1992) Adsorption of cesium and barium ions on Slovak natural zeolites. Geologica Carpathica Clays 1(1):47–50

    Google Scholar 

  85. Vajda N, Ghods-Esphahani A, Cooper E, Danesi PR (1992) Determination of radiostrontium in soil samples using a crown ether. J Radioanal Nucl Chem Articles 162:307–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hiller E, Jurkovič L’, Kordík J, Slaninka I, Jankulár M, Majzlan J, Gottlicher J, Steiniger R (2009) Arsenic mobility from anthropogenic impoundment sediments—consequences of contamination to biota, water and sediments, Poša, Eastern Slovakia. Appl Geochem 24(11):2175–2185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kočiová M, Pipíška M, Horník M, Augustín J (2005) Bioaccumulation of radiocesium by lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Biologia 60:655–660

    Google Scholar 

  88. Pipíška M, Kočiová M, Horník M, Augustín J, Lesný J (2005) Influence of time, temperature, pH and inhibitors on bioaccumulation of radiocesium—137Cs by lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Nukleonika 50:29–37

    Google Scholar 

  89. Závodská L, Lesný J (2006) Comparison of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Sr2+ sorption characteristics for clinoptilolite and mordenite. In: Szilágyi M, Szentmihályi K (eds) Trace elements in the food chain: proceedings: international symposium on Trace elements in the food chain, Budapest, pp 135–139

  90. Pipíška M, Vrtoch L, Horník M, Augustín J, Lesný J (2007) Uptake of 137Cs and 60Co by bryophytes and lichens. Cereal Res Commun 35:929–932

    Google Scholar 

  91. Horník M, Pipíška M, Kočiová M, Augustín J, Lesný J (2008) Influence of chelating agents on 60Co uptake by fresh water algae. Cereal Res Commun 36:419–422

    Google Scholar 

  92. Pipíška M, Horník M, Vrtoch L’, Augustín J, Lesný J (2008) Biosorption of Zn and Co ions by Evernia prunastri from single and binary metal solutions. Chem Ecol 24:181–190

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wallová G, Wallner G (2008) Isolation and measurement of strontium-90 and lead-210 in environmental samples using a strontium-specific resin and liquid scintillation counting. In: Eikenberg J, Ja¨ggi M, Beer H, Baehrle H (eds) International conference on advances in liquid scintillation spectrometry. Radiocarbon, Tuscon, Davos, Switzerland, pp 367–373

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hiller E, Jurkovič L’, Šutriepka M (2010) Metals in the surface sediments of selected water reservoirs, Slovakia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 84(5):635–640

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Marešová J, Horník M, Pipíška M, Augustín J (2010) Sorption of Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Cs+ ions by activated sludge of sewage treatment plant. Nova Biotechnol 10–1:53–61

    Google Scholar 

  96. Tel H, Altas Y, Eral M, Sert S, Cetinkaya B, Ínan S (2010) Preparation of ZrO2 and ZrO2–TiO2 microspheres by the sol–gel method and an experimental design approach to their strontium adsorption behaviours. Chem Eng J 161:151–160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wallová G, Acharya KK, Wallner G (2010) Determination of naturally occurring radionuclides in selected rocks from Hetaunda area, central Nepal. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 283:713–718

    Google Scholar 

  98. Vajda N, Kim Ch-K (2010) Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: a review of analytical methodology. Appl Radiat Isot 68(12):2306–2326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Yaron B, Dror I, Berkowitz B (2010) Contaminant geochemistry—a new perspective. Naturwissenschaften 97(1):1–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bear JJ, Cheng HDA (2010) Modeling contaminant transport. Theory Appl Transp Porous Media 1(23):341–523

    Google Scholar 

  101. Wallová G, Kandler N, Wallner G (2010) Determination of 90Sr and 210Pb in deer bone samples by liquid scintillation counting after ion-exchange procedures. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 286(2):429–433

    Google Scholar 

  102. Vrtoch L’, Pipíška M, Horník M, Augustín J, Lesný J (2010) Sorption of cesium from water solutions on potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate-modified Agaricus bisporus mushroom biomass. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. doi:10.1007/s10967-010-0837-5

  103. Valderrama César (2010) Transport of strontium through a Ca-bentonite (Almería, Spain) and comparison with MX-80 Na-bentonite: experimental and modelling. Water Air Soil Pollut 214(1–4):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  104. Petrovič P, Sykorová J, Slosiariková H (1992) Sorption of vanadium(V) aqua complex on montmorillonite surface. Geologica Carpathica Clays 1(1):41–42

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hrobarikov J, Komadel P (2002) Sorption properties of reduced-charge montmorillonites. Geologica Carpathica Clays 53(2):93–98

    Google Scholar 

  106. Kufčáková J, Jesenák K, Rajec P et al (2003) Sorption of lead and cesium on bentonite and soils. Separation of ionic solutes. In: Abstracts of the 10th international conference SIS’03, Bratislava, 64 pp

  107. Vejsada J, Jelínek E, Řanda Z, Hradil D, Přikryl R (2005) Sorption of cesium on smectite-rich clays from the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic) and their mixtures with sand. Appl Radiat Isot 62:91–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Vejsada J, Hradil D, Řanda Z, Jelínek E, Štulík K (2005) Adsorption of cesium on Czech smectite-rich clays—a comparative study. Appl Clay Sci 30(1):53–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Vejsada J (2006) The uncertainties associated with the application of batch technique for distribution coefficients determination—a case study of cesium adsorption on four different bentonites. Appl Radiat Isotop 64(12):1538–1548

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Klika Z, Kraus L, Vopálka D (2007) Cesium uptake from aqueous solutions by bentonite: a comparison of multicomponent sorption with ion-exchange models. Langmuir 23:1227–1233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Chmielewská E, Sabová L, Jesenák K (2008) Study of adsorption phenomena ongoing onto clinoptilolite with the immobilized interfaces. J Therm Anal Calorim 92(2):567–571

    Google Scholar 

  112. Orolínová Z, Mockovčiaková A, Vereš J (2008) Sorpcia t’ažkých kovov na kompozitných materiáloch bentonit-maghemit. Situácia v ekologicky zat’ažených regiónoch Slovenska a Strednej Európy, XVII. vedecké sympózium s medzinárodnou účast’ou, Hrádok, 23–24 október 2008, pp 63–67

  113. Kruglov SV, Anisimov VS, Anisimova LN, Aleksakhin M (2008) Specific 137Cs-sorption capacity parameters of soils and mineral sorbents. Eurasian Soil Sci 41(6):608–617

    Google Scholar 

  114. Vereš J, Orolínová Z (2009) Study of the treated and magnetically modified bentonite as possible sorbents of heavy metals. Acta Montan Slovava 14(2):152–155

    Google Scholar 

  115. Galunin E, Alba DM, Aviles MA, Santos MJ, Vidal M (2009) Reversibility of La and Lu sorption onto smectites: implications for the design of engineered barriers in deep geological repositories. J Hazard Mater 172(2–3):1198–1205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Orolínová Z, Mockovčiaková A (2010) Effect of magnetic modification on the sorption properties of natural bentonite. In: Water treatment technologies for the removal of high-toxicity pollutants. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Earth Environ Sci, pp 295–300

  117. Vieira MGA, Neto Almeida AF, Gimenes ML, da Silva MGC (2010) Sorption kinetics and equilibrium for the removal of nickel ions from aqueous phase on calcined Bofe bentonite clay. J Hazard Mater 177(1–3):362–371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Zhang W, Ding Y, Boyd SA, Teppen BJ, Li H (2010) Sorption and desorption of carbamazepine from water by smectite clays. Chemosphere 81(7):954–960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ye WM, Chen YG, Chen B, Wang Q, Wang J (2010) Advances on the knowledge of the buffer/backfill properties of heavily-compacted GMZ bentonite. Eng Geol 116(1–2):12–20

    Google Scholar 

  120. Lee JO, Kang IM, Cho WJ (2010) Smectite alteration and its influence on the barrier properties of smectite clay for a repository. Appl Clay Sci 47(1–2):99–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Vieira MGA, Neto Almeida AF, Gimenes ML, da Silva MGC (2010) Removal of nickel on Bofe bentonite calcined clay in porous bed. J Hazard Mater 176(1–3):109–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Přikryl R, Weishauptová Z (2010) Hierarchical porosity of bentonite-based buffer and its modification due to increased temperature and hydration. Appl Clay Sci 47(1–2):163–170

    Google Scholar 

  123. Ouhadi VR, Yong RN, Goodarzi AR, Safari-Zanjani M (2010) Effect of temperature on the re-structuring of the microstructure and geo-environmental behaviour of smectite. Appl Clay Sci 47(1–2):2–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Holzer L, Munch B, Rizzi M, Wepf R, Marschall P, Graule T (2010) 3D-microstructure analysis of hydrated bentonite with cryo-stabilized pore water. Appl Clay Sci 47(3–4):330–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Lange K, Rowe RK, Jamieson H, Flemming RL, Lanzirotti A (2010) Characterization of geosynthetic clay liner bentonite using micro-analytical methods. Appl Geochem 25(7):1056–1069

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Savage D, Watson C, Benbow S, Wilson J (2010) Modelling iron–bentonite interactions. Appl Clay Sci 47(1–2):91–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Guerra DL, Oliveira HCP, Correa da Costa PC, Viana RR, Airoldi C (2010) Adsorption of chromium(VI) ions on Brazilian smectite: effect of contact time, pH, concentration, and calorimetric investigation. Catena 82(1):35–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Galunin E, Alba MD, Santos MJ, Abräo T, Vidal M (2010) Lanthanide sorption on smectitic clays in presence of cement leachates. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74(3):862–875

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Jansson M, Jonsson M, Mohlén J (2010) Kinetic evaluation of sorption and desorption. Adsorption 16(3):155–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Milyutin VV, Kononenk OA, Mikheev SV, Gelis VM (2010) Sorption of cesium on finely dispersed composite ferrocyanide sorbents. Radiochemistry 52(3):281–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Hu J, Xie Z, He B, Sheng G, Chen Ch et al (2010) Sorption of Eu(III) on GMZ bentonite in the absence/presence of humic acid studied by batch and XAFS techniques. Sci China Chem 53(6):1420–1428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Palágyi Š, Štamberg K, Vidčková H (2010) Transport and sorption of 85Sr and 125I in crushed crystalline rocks under dynamic flow conditions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 283(3):629–636

    Google Scholar 

  133. Vinšová H, Jedináková-Křížová V, Ožanová M (2009) Interaction of 99Tc onto bentonite and influence of Fe(II) and (Ca, Mg) ion exchange in its interlayers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 281(1):75–78

    Google Scholar 

  134. Melichová Z, Hromada L, Brtáňová A (2010) Štúdium sorpčných vlastností bentonitu z ložiska Lieskovec. Acta Universitatis Matthiae Belli Ser Chem 12:15–23

    Google Scholar 

  135. Wang YQ, Fan QF, Li P, Zheng XB, Xu JZ, Jin YR, Wu WS (2011) The sorption of Eu(III) on calcareous soil: effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, foreign ions and humic acid. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 287(1):231–237

    Google Scholar 

  136. Fajnor VŠ, Kuchta L’ (1995) Effect of degradation of montmorillonite by vibration grinding on the dTA curves in the range 20–1500 °C. J Therm Anal Calorim 45(3):481–489

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Jesenák K, Fajnor V (1995) Distribúcia stopových prvkov v bentonite Stará Kremnička—Jelšový potok. Mineralia Slovaca 27(3):221–224

    Google Scholar 

  138. Fajnor VŠ, Jesenák K (1996) Differential thermal analysis of montmorillonite. J Therm Anal Calorim 46(2):489–493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Jesenák K, Kuchta L’, Guller L et al (1997) Physico-chemical properties of bentonite “Stará Kremnička—Jelšový potok” I: particle size distribution. Mineralia Slovaca 29(6):439–442

    Google Scholar 

  140. Stríček I, Šucha V, Uhlík P et al (2006) Zvetrávanie smektitu na ložiskách bentonitu. Mineralia Slovaca 38:337–342

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hrachová J, Vargová M, Fajnor VŠ (2007) Vysokoteplotná klasifikácia montmorillonitu “Kunipia”. ChemZi 3(1):188

    Google Scholar 

  142. Hrachová J, Billik P, Fajnor VŠ (2010) Influence of organic surfactants on structural stability of mechanochemically treated bentonite. J Therm Anal Colorim 101(1):161–168

    Google Scholar 

  143. Štyriaková I, Jablonovská K, Mockovčiaková A, Bekéniyová A, Štyriak I, Kraus I, Osacký M, Lovás M (2010) Dissolution of iron from quartz sands by basin bioleaching under static in situ conditions. Hydrometallurgy 104(3–4):443–447

    Google Scholar 

  144. Janek M, Lagaly G (2001) Proton saturation and rheological properties of smectite dispersions. Appl Clay Sci 19(1–6):121–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Ji YQ, Black L, Weidler PG, Janek M (2004) Preparation of nanostructured materials by heterocoagulations interaction of montmorillonite with synthetic hematite particles. Langmuir 20:9796–9806

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Zemanová M, Link G, Takayama S, Nuesch R, Janek M (2006) Modification of layer charge in smectites by microwaves. Appl Clay Sci 32:271–282

    Google Scholar 

  147. Janek M, Emmerich K, Heissler S, Nuesch R (2007) Thermally induced grafting reactions of ethylene glycol and glycerol intercalates of kaolinite. Chem Mater 19:684–693

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Andrejkovičová S, Janotka I, Komadel P (2008) An investigation into the use of blends of two bentonites for geosynthetic clay liners. Appl Clay Sci 38(3–4):297–303

    Google Scholar 

  149. Andrejkovičová S, Rocha F, Janotka I, Komadel P (2008) An investigation into the use of blends of two bentonites for geosynthetic clay liners. Geotext Geomembr 26:436–445

    Google Scholar 

  150. Jóna E, Sapietová M, Šnircová S, Pajtášová M, Ondrušová D (2008) Characterization and thermal properties of Ni-exchanged montmorillonite with benzimidazole. J Therm Anal Calorim 94(1):69–73

    Google Scholar 

  151. Zitnan M, Szocs V, Janek M, Bugar I, Bdzoch J, Palszegi T, Link G, Velic D (2009) Fluorescence dynamics of coumarin C522 on reduced-charge montmorillonite in aqueous dispersion. Langmuir 25(12):6800–6807

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Janek M, Bugár I, Lorenc D, Szocs V, Velič D, Chorvát D (2009) Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of selected layered silicates. Clays Clay Miner 57(4):416–424

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Janek M, Matejdes M, Szocs V, Bugár I, Gaál A, Velič D, Darmo J (2010) Dielectric properties of micaceous clays determined by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Philos Mag 90(17):2399–2413

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Orolínová Z, Mockovčiaková A, Feldhoff A, Menzel D (2009) The role of iron oxides in composites with bentonite. Cheminé Technologija 1(50):42–46

    Google Scholar 

  155. Orolínová Z, Mockovčiaková A (2009) Structural study of bentonite/iron composites. Mater Chem Phys 14(2–3):956–961

    Google Scholar 

  156. Orolínová Z, Mockovčiaková A, Feldhoff A, Menzel D (2010) Influence of amount of Iron oxide and temperature of synthesis on their particle size in composites with bentonite. J Basic Princ Diffus Theory Exp Appl Diffus Fundam 12:80–81

    Google Scholar 

  157. L’aliková S, Pajtášová M, Ondrušová D, Bazyláková T, Olšovský M (2010) Thermal and spectral properties of natural bentonites and their applications as reinforced nanofillers in polymeric materials. J Therm Anal Calorim 100(3):745–749

    Google Scholar 

  158. Dillinger M, Valent A, Macašek F (1966) Sorpcia cézia (Cs-137) a stroncia (Sr-90) na bentnite z Fintíc (Sorption of radiocesium and radiostrontium on Fintice bentonite). Silikaty 180–184

  159. Přikryl R, Ryndová T, Boháč J, Weishauptová Z (2003) Microsstructures and physical properties of “backfill” clays: comparison of residual and sedimentary montmorillonite clays. Appl Radiat Isot 23:149–156

    Google Scholar 

  160. Kolaříková I, Přikryl R, Hanus R, Jelínek E (2005) Thermal loading of smectite-rich rocks: natural processes vs. laboratory experiments. Appl Clay Sci 29:215–223

    Google Scholar 

  161. Stríček I, Šucha V, Uhlík P (2006) Weathering of smectite at Kopernica deposit. Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica. Abstract series, Szeged, 5, p 110

  162. Jesenák K, Vargová M, Bakošová B (2006) Hydraulický odpor jemných frakcií bentonitu Stará Kremnička—Jelšový potok priemyselných a environmentálnych aplikácií fylosilikátov. Partikulárne látky vo vede, priemysle a v životnom prostredí, Košice, pp 96–101

  163. Jesenák K, Vargová M, Bakošová B (2007) Hydraulický odpor ílových substrátov s vysokým obsahom montmorillitu. In: VIII. vedecká konferencia SF TU, Košice, pp 117–122

  164. Pacovský J, Svoboda J, Zapletal L (2007) Saturation development in the bentonite barrier of the Mock-Up-CZ geotechnical experiment. Phys Chem Earth 32:116–122

    Google Scholar 

  165. Stríček I, Šucha V, Uhlík P (2008) Gamma-irradiation effects on smectite properties. In: 4th Mid-European clay conference, Zakopane, Poland, Abstracts, Mineralogia—Special papers, 33, p 157

  166. Stríček I, Šucha V, Uhlík P (2008) Bentonite stability testing using the mock-up experiment, IX. International Geological Conference of Ph.D. Students and Young Scientists—Extended abstracts, Zawoja-Herl’any, 93

  167. Stríček I, Šucha V, Uhlík P, Madejová J et al (2009) Mineral stability of Fe-rich bentonite in the Mock-Up-CZ experiment. Geologica Carpathica 60(5):431–436

    Google Scholar 

  168. Osacký M, Honty M, Madejová J, Bakas T, Šucha V (2009) Experimental interactions of Slovak bentonites with metallic iron. Geologica Carpathica 60(6):535–543

    Google Scholar 

  169. Honty M, De Craen M, Wang L, Madejová A, Czímerová A, Pentrák M, Stríček I, Van Geet M (2010) The effect of high pH alkaline solutions on the mineral stability of the Boom Clay–Batch experiments at 60 °C. Appl Geochem 25(6):825–840

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Osacký M, Šucha V, Czímerová J, Madejová J (2010) Reaction of smectites with iron in a nitrogen atmosphere at 75 °C. Appl Clay Sci 50(2):237–244

    Google Scholar 

  171. Kolaříková I, Švandová J, Přikryl R, Vinšová H, Jedináková-Křižová V, Zeman J (2010) Mineralogical changes in bentonite barrier within Mock-Up-CZ experiment. Appl Clay Sci 47(1–2):10–15

    Google Scholar 

  172. Kaufhold S, Dohrmann R (2010) Effect of extensive drying on the cation exchange capacity of bentonites. Clay Miner 45(4):441–448

    Google Scholar 

  173. Ferníndez AM, Villar MV (2010) Geochemical behaviour of a bentonite barrier in the laboratory after up to 8 years of heating and hydration. Appl Geochem 25(6):809–824

    Google Scholar 

  174. Vokál A, Vopálka D, Večernák P (2010) An approach for acquiring data for description of diffusion in safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 286(3):751–757

    Google Scholar 

  175. Andrejkovičová S, Janotka I, Komadel P (2008) Evaluation of geotechnical properties of bentonite from Lieskovec deposit, Slovakia. Appl Clay Sci 38(2–4):297

    Google Scholar 

  176. Vinšová H, Jedináková-Křížová V, Kolaříková I, Adamcová J, Přikryl R, Zeman J (2008) The influence of temperature and hydration on the sorption properties of bentonite. J Environ Radioact 99(2):415–425

    Google Scholar 

  177. Pedersen K (2000) Microbial processes in radioactive waste disposal. Technical Report TR-00-04, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., Stockholm, Sweden

  178. Stroes-Gascoyne S, Lucht LM, Oscarson DW, Dixon DA, Hume HB, Miller SH (1998) Migration of bacteria in compacted clay-based material. Whiteshell Laboratories, Pinawa, Man

    Google Scholar 

  179. Groudev SN (1990) In: The 5th European congress on biotechnology: workshop on the aluminosilicate minerals biodegradation, Copenhagen, Denmark

  180. Groudeva VI, Groudev SN (1984) Travaux ICSOBA Congress: Bauxite dressing by means of Bacillus cirkulans. Zagreb 13(8):257

    Google Scholar 

  181. Vašíček R, Hynková E (2003) Termofyzikální vlastnosti bentonitových směsí. Chem Listy 10P-07, 97:818

  182. Rajec P, Mátel L, Orechovská J, Šúcha J, Novák I (1996) Sorption of radionuclides on inorganic sorbents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem Art 208(2):477–486

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Shaban IS, Macášek F (1998) Influence of humic substances on sorption of cesium and strontium on montmorillonite. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 229(1–2):73–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Macášek F, Shaban IS (1998) Cesium speciation in solid matrices and its specific ion adsorption by soils. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 229(1–2):79–83

    Google Scholar 

  185. Macášek F, Shaban SI, Mátel L (1999) Cesium, strontium, europium(III) and plutonium(IV) complexes with humic acid in solution and on montmorillonite surface. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 241(3):627–636

    Google Scholar 

  186. Kufčáková J, Galamboš M, Rajec P (2005) Sorption of strontium on selected group of bentonites. ChemZi 1(1):270

    Google Scholar 

  187. Galamboš M, Kufčáková J, Rajec P (2009) Sorption of strontium on Slovak bentonites. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 281(3):347–357

    Google Scholar 

  188. Galamboš M, Kufčáková J, Rajec P (2009) Adsorption of cesium on domestic bentonites. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 281(3):485–492

    Google Scholar 

  189. Galamboš M, Kufčáková J, Rosskopfová O, Rajec P (2010) Adsorption of cesium and strontium on natrified bentonites. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 283(3):803–813

    Google Scholar 

  190. Galamboš M, Paučová V, Kufčáková J, Rosskopfová O, Rajec P, Adamcová R (2010) Cesium sorption on bentonites and montmorillonite K10. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 284(1):55–64

    Google Scholar 

  191. Galamboš M, Rosskopfová O, Paučová V, Rajec P, Adamcová R (2010) Sorpčné vlastnosti bentonitových bariér. Bezpečnost jaderné energie 18(56)1/2:37–39

  192. Galamboš M, Rosskopfová O, Rajec P (2011) Geotechnické kritéria na bentonitové bariéry. Bezpečnost jaderné energie 19(57)1/2:38–44

  193. Reed DT, Scott DD, Weiner MF (1987) Gamma and alpha radiation levels in a basalt high-level waste repository: potential impact on container corrosion and packing properties. In: Tsang C (ed) Coupled processes associated with nuclear waste repositories. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 325–338

    Google Scholar 

  194. Kawano M, Tomita K (1991) Dehydration and rehydration of saponite and vermiculite. Clays Clay Miner 39(2):174–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Dran J-C (1993) Radiation effects in radioactive waste storage materials. Solid State Phenom 30(31):367–378

    Google Scholar 

  196. Pusch R, Karnland O (1996) Physico/chemical stability of smectite clays. Eng Geol 41(1–4):73–85

    Google Scholar 

  197. Weber WJ, Ewing RC, Angell CA, Arnold GW, Cormack AN, Delaye JM, Griscom DL, Hobbs LW, Navrotsky A, Price DL, Stoneham AM, Weinberg MC (1997) Radiation effects in glasses used for immobilization of high-level waste and plutonium disposition. J Mater Res 12:1946–1978

    Google Scholar 

  198. Meunier A, Velde B, Griffault L (1998) The reactivity of bentonites: a review: an application to clay barrier stability for nuclear waste storage. Clay Miner 33:187–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Weber WJ, Ewing RC, Catlow CRA, Diaz de la Rubia T, Hobbs LW, Kinoshita C, Matzke H, Motta AT, Nastazi M, Salje EHK, Vance ER, Zinkle SJ (1998) Radiation effects in crystalline ceramics for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium. J Mater Res 13(6):1434–1484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Allard T, Muller J (1998) Kaolinite as an in situ dosimeter for past radionuclide migration at the Earth’s surface. Appl Geochem 13(6):751–765

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Pushkareva RA, Litovchenko AS, Plastinina MA, Pushkarev AV, Kalinichenko EA (1999) Infrared spectroscopic study of γ-radiation-induced hydrogen isotope exchange in clay minerals. Radiochemistry 41(6):599–603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Bray HJ, Redfern SAT (1999) Kinetics of dehydration of Ca-montmorillonite. Phys Chem Miner 26(7):591–600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Wang SX, Wang LM, Ewing RC (2000) Electron and ion irradiation of zeolites. J Nucl Mater 278:233–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Karakassides MA, Gournis D, Ssmopoulos T, Petridis D (2000) Mössbauer and infrared study of heat-treated nontronite. Clays Clay Miner 48(1):68–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Gournis D, Mantaka-Marketou AE, Karakassides MA, Petridis D (2000) Effect of γ-irradiation on clays and organoclays: a Mössbauer and XRD study. Phys Chem Miner 27:514–521

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Gu BX, Wang LM, Minc LD, Ewing RC (2001) Temperature effects on the radiation stability and ion exchange capacity of smectites. J Nucl Mater 297:345–354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Gournis D, Mantaka-Marketou AE, Karakassides MA, Petridis D (2001) Ionizing radiation-induced defects in smectite clays. Phys Chem Miner 28:285–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Negron A, Ramos S, Blumenfeld AL, Pacheco G, Fripiat JJ (2002) On the structural stability of montmorillonite submitted to heavy γ-irradiation. Clays Clay Miner 50:35–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Pushkareva R, Kalinichenko E, Lytovchenko A, Pushkarev A, Kadochnikov V, Plastynina M (2002) Irradiation effect on physico-chemical properties of clay minerals. Appl Clay Sci 21:117–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Plötze M, Kahr G, Hermanns SR (2003) Alteration of clay minerals—gamma irradiation effects on physicochemical properties. Appl Clay Sci 23:195–202

    Google Scholar 

  211. Wang LM, Chen J, Ewing RC (2004) Radiation and thermal effects on porous and layer structured materials as getters of radionuclides. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 8(6):405–418

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Farnan I, Cho H, Weber WJ (2007) Quantification of actinide alpha-radiation damage in minerals and ceramics. Nature 445(7124):190–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Sorieul S, Allard T, Wang LM, Grambin-Lapeyre C, Lian J, Calas G, Ewing RC (2008) Radiation-stability of smectite. Environ Sci Technol 42(22):8407–8411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Allard T, Calas G (2009) Radiation effects on clay mineral properties. Appl Clay Sci 43:143–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Fourdrin C, Allard T, Monnet I, Menguy N, Benedetti M, Calas G (2010) Effect of radiation-induced amorphization on smectite dissolution. Environ Sci Technol 44(7):2509–2514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Kudrnáčová I, Hynková E, Čechová Z (2003) Testování material na bázi bentonitu. Chem Listy 10P-06, 97:818

    Google Scholar 

  217. Hynková E, Sádovská G (2003) Thermal and calorimetric analyses of bentonites. Chem Listy 10P-04, 97:817

    Google Scholar 

  218. Čechová Z, Kudrnáčová I, Hynková E (2003) Research on strength parameters of bentonite. Chem Listy 10P-05, 97:817

    Google Scholar 

  219. Bakhmatyuk BP, Grygorchak II, Pidluzhna AY, Ripetskii EI (2007) Intercalation of bentonite: thermodynamics, kinetics, and practical applications. Inorg Mater 43(5):537–540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Vaughan DEW (1988) Pillared clays—a historical perspective. Catal Today 2:187–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

    Michal Galamboš, Ol’ga Rosskopfová, Jana Kufčáková & Pavol Rajec

Authors
  1. Michal Galamboš
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ol’ga Rosskopfová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jana Kufčáková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pavol Rajec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michal Galamboš.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Galamboš, M., Rosskopfová, O., Kufčáková, J. et al. Utilization of Slovak bentonites in deposition of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 288, 765–777 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-0987-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-0987-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation