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Urbanization is associated with unique community simplification among birds in a neotropical landscape

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Abstract

Context

Conversion of land cover by urban expansion is typically thought to reduce functional diversity by homogenizing species composition, at least in well-studied temperate locations. Studies of highly diverse and disturbance-sensitive tropical ecosystems remain rare.

Objectives

By exhaustively surveying resident forest bird communities across an urbanizing Neotropical region we aimed to: (1) assess the patterns and landscape-level correlates of species occurrences in forest habitat; (2) identify trait predictors of species occurrences in urban forest patches; and (3) evaluate the associations between urbanization and phylogenetic and functional diversity.

Methods

We inventoried forest bird communities along the Panama Canal, an area characterized by a strong urbanization gradient from remnant patches surrounded by a densely populated metropolis (Panama City) to extensive tracts of protected rainforest in National Parks. We determined associations of community composition, species traits, and functional and phylogenetic diversity with landscape-level attributes.

Results

In contrast to most previous studies reporting community homogenization, forest patches in urbanized central Panama contained different subsets of resident bird species. Species in forests within in the most urbanized subregions generally were those with strong dispersal abilities, short developmental periods, and recent evolutionary histories. Although species identities varied among urban patches, functional and phylogenetic diversity were similar.

Conclusions

Our results are best characterized by community “simplification”—a loss of species without loss of functional or phylogenetic representation. The dissimilarity of bird community composition among forest patches in urbanized regions appears to be a unique outcome and could be influenced by patch-specific attributes.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The analytical code generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation Oregon Chapter, Oregon Lottery, Thomas G. Scott, the Coombs-Simpson Memorial Fellowship, the Bob and Phyllis Mace Professorship, and the OSU Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences for financial support of this project. J.R.C. was supported by an ARCS Scholar Award donation from Bettsy Preble, Laurie Griff, and Hilary Gripekoven. We thank the Panamanian government and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) for allowing us to conduct research within Canal area forests.

Funding

Partial financial support for this study was received from Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation Oregon Chapter, Oregon Lottery, Thomas G. Scott, the Coombs-Simpson Memorial Fellowship, the Bob and Phyllis Mace Professorship at Oregon State University Department of Fisheries and Wildlife.

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  1. Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Jenna R. Curtis, W. Douglas Robinson, Ghislain Rompré & Suzanne H. Austin

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  1. Jenna R. Curtis
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  2. W. Douglas Robinson
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  3. Ghislain Rompré
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  4. Suzanne H. Austin
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception, design, and material preparation. Data collection were performed by Ghislain Rompré and W. Douglas Robinson. Analyses were performed by Jenna R. Curtis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jenna R. Curtis and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jenna R. Curtis.

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Curtis, J.R., Robinson, W.D., Rompré, G. et al. Urbanization is associated with unique community simplification among birds in a neotropical landscape. Landsc Ecol 37, 209–231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01344-1

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