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A systematic survey of advances in retinal imaging modalities for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

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Abstract

Recent advances in retinal imaging pathophysiology have shown a new function for biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and prognosis. The significant improvements in Optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal imaging have led to significant clinical translation, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease detection. This systematic review will provide a comprehensive overview of retinal imaging in clinical applications, with a special focus on biomarker analysis for use in Alzheimer’s disease detection. Articles on OCT retinal imaging in Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis were identified in PubMed, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and Research Gate databases until March 2021. Those studies using simultaneous retinal imaging acquisition were chosen, while those using sequential techniques were rejected. “Alzheimer’s disease” and “Dementia” were searched alone and in combination with “OCT” and “retinal imaging”. Approximately 1000 publications were searched, and after deleting duplicate articles, 145 relevant studies focused on the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease utilizing retinal imaging were chosen for study. OCT has recently been demonstrated to be a valuable technique in clinical practice as according to this survey, 57% of the researchers employed optical coherence tomography, 19% used ocular fundus imaging, 13% used scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and 11% have used multimodal imaging to diagnose Alzheimer disease. Retinal imaging has become an important diagnostic technique for Alzheimer’s disease. Given the scarcity of available literature, it is clear that future prospective trials involving larger and more homogeneous groups are necessary, and the work can be expanded by evaluating its significance utilizing a machine-learning platform rather than simply using statistical methodologies.

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Data availability

No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s Disease

CNS:

Central Nervous System

RNFL:

Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer

OCT:

Optical Coherence Tomography

SLO:

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

SD-OCT:

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

TD-OCT:

Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

SS-OCT:

Swept Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography

CSLO:

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

UWF:

Ultra-Widefield

ONH:

Optic Nerve Head

MCI:

Mild Cognitive Impairment

FAI:

Fluorescein Angiographic Imaging

FAF:

Fundus Auto-fluorescence

GC-IPL:

ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer

PERG:

Pattern Electroretinogram

LL:

Low Luminance

LSF:

Low spatial frequency

NIRS:

Near-infrared spectroscopy

NDD:

Neurodegenerative diseases

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  1. School of Computer Science & Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, 182320, India

    Richa Vij & Sakshi Arora

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1 Richa Vij: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-Original draft preparation, Visualization, Formal analysis.

2 Sakshi Arora: Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing, Validation.

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Vij, R., Arora, S. A systematic survey of advances in retinal imaging modalities for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. Metab Brain Dis 37, 2213–2243 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-00927-4

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