Abstract
Many variations of local binary pattern (LBP) were proposed to enhance its performance, including uniform local binary pattern (ULBP), center-symmetric local binary patterns (CS-LBP), center symmetric local ternary patterns (CS-LTP), center symmetric local multilevel pattern (CS-LMP), etc. In this paper, the accuracies of LBP technique and its variations are enhanced using four different sizes of a sliding window approach. This approach is used for investigating whether the features extracted by LBP are significant enough or its versions are needed as well. Five LBP-based techniques have been used including LBP, CS-LBP, CS-LTP, CS-LMP, and U2LBP. They have been applied to an Arabic digit image dataset called MAHDBase. Support vector machine (SVM) and random forests are utilized as classifiers. The experimental results show that the obtained accuracies have been improved by 19.56%, 21.43%, 5.63%, 6.51% and 5.62% for CS-LBP, CS-LMP, U2LBP, CS-LTP, and LBP, respectively, when the sliding window approach has been applied and SVM with linear kernel has been used as a classifier. Moreover, the results show that there is no need to use LBP variations to enhance the accuracy if the sliding window is applied because the highest accuracy has been acquired using LBP. At the end, the accuracy of proposed systems has been compared against other state-of-the-art LBP-based techniques showing the significance of the proposed systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alghazo JM, Latif G, Alzubaidi L, Elhassan A (2019) Multi-language handwritten digits recognition based on novel structural features. J imaging Sci Technol 63:20502-1–20502-10. https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2019.63.2.020502
AlKhateeb JH, Alseid M (2014) DBN - based learning for Arabic handwritten digit recognition using DCT features. In: 2014 6th international conference on computer science and information technology (CSIT). pp 222–226
Alkhawaldeh RS (2020) Arabic (Indian) digit handwritten recognition using recurrent transfer deep architecture. Soft Comput 25:3131–3141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-020-05368-8
Almodfer R, Xiong S, Mudhsh M, Duan P (2017) Very deep neural networks for Hindi/Arabic offline handwritten digit recognition. In: Liu D, Xie S, Li Y, Zhao D, El-Alfy E-SM (eds) Neural information processing. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 450–459
Al-Wajih E, Ahmed M (2020) A new application for gabor filters in face-based gender classification. Int Arab J Inf Technol 17:178–187. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/17/2/5
Al-wajih E, Ghouti L (2019) Gender recognition using four statistical feature techniques: a comparative study of performance. Evol Intell 12:633–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-019-00264-z
Al-wajih E, Ghazali R, Hassim YMM (2020) Residual neural network Vs local binary convolutional neural networks for bilingual handwritten digit recognition. In: Ghazali R, Nawi NM, Deris MM, Abawajy JH (eds) Recent advances on soft computing and data mining. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 25–34
Arbain NA, Azmi MS, Muda AK, Muda NA, Radzid AR (2018) Offline handwritten digit recognition using triangle geometry properties. Int J Comput Inf Syst Ind Manag Appl 10:87–97
Ashiquzzaman A, Tushar AK (2017) Handwritten Arabic numeral recognition using deep learning neural networks. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on imaging, vision pattern recognition (icIVPR). pp 1–4
Badeka E, Papadopoulou CI, Papakostas GA (2020) Evaluation of LBP variants in retinal blood vessels segmentation using machine learning. In: 2020 international conference on intelligent systems and computer vision (ISCV). pp 1–7
Balili CC, Sobrepena MCC, Naval PC (2015) Classification of heart sounds using discrete and continuous wavelet transform and random forests. In: 2015 3rd IAPR Asian conference on pattern recognition (ACPR). pp 655–659
Biglari M, Mirzaei F, Neycharan JG (2014) Persian/Arabic handwritten digit recognition using local binary pattern. Int J Digit Inf Wirel Commun IJDIWC 4:486–492
Boser BE, Guyon IM, Vapnik VN (1992) A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. In: Proceedings of the fifth annual workshop on computational learning theory (pp. 144–152). Association for Computing Machinery, New York
Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45:5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
Brodatz P (1966) Textures: a photographic album for artists and designers, 1st edn. Dover Pubns, New York
Can YS, Kabadayı ME (2020) Automatic CNN-based Arabic numeral spotting and handwritten digit recognition by using deep transfer learning in ottoman population registers. Appl Sci 10:5430. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165430
Chan JC-W, Paelinckx D (2008) Evaluation of random Forest and Adaboost tree-based ensemble classification and spectral band selection for ecotope mapping using airborne hyperspectral imagery. Remote Sens Environ 112:2999–3011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.011
Chen Y, Xiong J, Xu W, Zuo J (2019) A novel online incremental and decremental learning algorithm based on variable support vector machine. Clust Comput 22:7435–7445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-1772-4
Chen Y, Xu W, Zuo J, Yang K (2019) The fire recognition algorithm using dynamic feature fusion and IV-SVM classifier. Clust Comput 22:7665–7675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2368-8
CMATERdb 3.3.1: Handwritten Arabic numeral database. https://code.google.com/archive/p/cmaterdb/downloads. Accessed 11 Oct 2020
El Khadiri I, Chahi A, El Merabet Y, Ruichek Y, Touahni R (2018) Local directional ternary pattern: a new texture descriptor for texture classification. Comput Vis Image Underst 169:14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2018.01.004
El Khadiri I, Kas M, El Merabet Y, Ruichek Y, Touahni R (2018) Repulsive-and-attractive local binary gradient contours: new and efficient feature descriptors for texture classification. Inf Sci 467:634–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2018.02.009
El Merabet Y, Ruichek Y (2018) Local concave-and-convex micro-structure patterns for texture classification. Pattern Recogn 76:303–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2017.11.005
El-Sawy A, El-Bakry H, Loey M (2017) CNN for handwritten Arabic digits recognition based on LeNet-5. In: Hassanien AE, Shaalan K, Gaber T, Azar AT, Tolba MF (eds) Proceedings of the international conference on advanced intelligent systems and informatics 2016. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 566–575
El-Sherif EA, Abdelazeem S (2007) A two-stage system for Arabic handwritten digit recognition tested on a new large database. In: Artificial intelligence and pattern recognition, pp 237–242
Fawcett T (2006) An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recogn Lett 27:861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
Fernández-Delgado M, Cernadas E, Barro S, Amorim D (2014) Do we need hundreds of classifiers to solve real world classification problems? J Mach Learn Res 15:3133–3181
Ghaleb MH, George LE, Mohammed FG (2013) Numeral handwritten Hindi/Arabic numeric recognition method. Int J Sci Eng Res 4
Ghofrani A, Toroghi RM (2019) Capsule-based Persian/Arabic robust handwritten digit recognition using EM routing. In: 2019 4th international conference on pattern recognition and image analysis (IPRIA). pp 168–172
Gouveia C, Tomé A, Barros F, Soares SC, Vieira J, Pinho P (2020) Study on the usage feasibility of continuous-wave radar for emotion recognition. Biomed Signal Process Control 58:101835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101835
Gupta R, Patil H, Mittal A (2010) Robust order-based methods for feature description. In: 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. pp 334–341
Hasan AM, Jalab HA, Ibrahim RW, Meziane F, Al-Shamasneh AR, Obaiys SJ (2020) MRI brain classification using the quantum entropy LBP and deep-learning-based features. Entropy 22:1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22091033
Hassan AKA (2018) Arabic (Indian) handwritten digits recognition using multi feature and KNN classifier. J Univ Babylon Pure Appl Sci 26:10–17. https://doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i4.679
Hassan T, Khan HA (2015) Handwritten Bangla numeral recognition using local binary pattern. In: 2015 international conference on electrical engineering and information communication technology (ICEEICT). pp 1–4
Heikkilä M, Pietikäinen M, Schmid C (2009) Description of interest regions with local binary patterns. Pattern Recogn 42:425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2008.08.014
Hirwani A, Verma N, Gonnade S (2014) Efficient handwritten alphabet recognition using LBP based feature extraction and nearest neighbor classifier. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci Softw Eng 4:549–553
Hsu C-W, Chang C-C, Lin C-J et al (2003) A practical guide to support vector classification. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
Ilmi N, Budi WTA, Nur RK (2016) Handwriting digit recognition using local binary pattern variance and K-nearest neighbor classification. In: 2016 4th international conference on information and communication technology (ICoICT). pp 1–5
Jabid T, Kabir MH, Chae O (2010) Local directional pattern (LDP) for face recognition. In: 2010 digest of technical papers international conference on consumer electronics (ICCE). pp 329–330
Jaha ES (2019) Efficient Gabor-based recognition for handwritten Arabic-Indic digits. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl IJACSA 10. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2019.0100114
Jeyasudha A, Priya K (2016) Object recognition based on LBP and discrete wavelet transform. Int J Adv Signal Image Sci 2:24–30
Jun Z, Jizhao H, Zhenglan T, Feng W (2017) Face detection based on LBP. In: 2017 13th IEEE international conference on electronic measurement instruments (ICEMI). pp 421–425
Kaya Y, Ertuğrul ÖF, Tekin R (2015) Two novel local binary pattern descriptors for texture analysis. Appl Soft Comput 34:728–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.06.009
Kumar KK, Pavani M (2017) LBP based biometrie identification using the periocular region. In: 2017 8th IEEE annual information technology, electronics and Mobile communication conference (IEMCON). pp 204–209
Lawgali A (2015) Handwritten digit recognition based on DWT and DCT. Int J Database Theory Appl 8:215–222. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijdta.2015.8.5.18
Loey M, El-Sawy A, El-Bakry H (2017) Deep learning autoencoder approach for handwritten Arabic digits recognition. ArXiv170606720 Cs 533:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48308-5_54
Montazer GA, Soltanshahi MA, Giveki D (2017) Farsi/Arabic handwritten digit recognition using quantum neural networks and bag of visual words method. Opt Mem Neural Netw 26:117–128. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1060992X17020060
Mouli C, Ramalingam SP (2016) Dimensionality reduced local directional pattern (DR-LDP) for face recognition. Expert Syst Appl 63:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.06.031
Myers JL, Well AD, Lorch RF Jr (2010) Research design and statistical analysis, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York
Nanni L, Lumini A, Brahnam S (2012) Survey on LBP based texture descriptors for image classification. Expert Syst Appl 39:3634–3641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.09.054
Ojala T, Pietikäinen M, Harwood D (1996) A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Pattern Recogn 29:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(95)00067-4
Ojala T, Pietikainen M, Maenpaa T (2002) Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24:971–987. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017623
Oshiro TM, Perez PS, Baranauskas JA (2012) How many trees in a random Forest? In: Perner P (ed) Machine learning and data Mining in Pattern Recognition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 154–168
Radwan E (2013) Hybrid of rough neural networks for Arabic/Farsi handwriting recognition. Int J Adv Res Artif Intell IJARAI 2. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJARAI.2013.020207
Rakshit RD, Nath SC, Kisku DR (2017) An improved local pattern descriptor for biometrics face encoding: a LC–LBP approach toward face identification. J Chin Inst Eng 40:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2016.1259020
Rivera AR, Castillo JR, Chae OO (2013) Local directional number pattern for face analysis: face and expression recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 22:1740–1752. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2012.2235848
Shang J, Chen C, Liang H, Tang H (2016) Object recognition using rotation invariant local binary pattern of significant bit planes. IET Image Process 10:662–670. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2016.0058
Sharif SMA, Mujtaba G, Nadim Uddin SM (2019) EdgeNet: A novel approach for Arabic numeral classification. ArXiv E-Prints arXiv 1908:02254
Shilbayeh NF, Aqel MM, Alkhateeb R (2013) Recognition offline handwritten Hindi digits using multilayer Perceptron neural networks. In: 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Networks, pp 94–103
Tan X, Triggs B (2010) Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions. IEEE Trans Image Process 19:1635–1650. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2010.2042645
Vapnik VN, Chervonenkis AY (2015) On the uniform convergence of relative frequencies of events to their probabilities. In: Vovk V, Papadopoulos H, Gammerman A (eds) Measures of complexity: Festschrift for Alexey Chervonenkis. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 11–30
Weidner L, Walton G, Kromer R (2019) Classification methods for point clouds in rock slope monitoring: a novel machine learning approach and comparative analysis. Eng Geol 263:105326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105326
Yuan F, Shi J, Xia X, Fang Y, Fang Z, Mei T (2016) High-order local ternary patterns with locality preserving projection for smoke detection and image classification. Inf Sci 372:225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2016.08.040
Zeebaree DQ, Haron H, Abdulazeez AM, Zebari DA (2019) Trainable model based on new uniform LBP feature to identify the risk of the breast Cancer. In: 2019 international conference on advanced science and engineering (ICOASE). pp 106–111
Zeng H, Wang X, Gu Y (2016) Center symmetric local multilevel pattern based descriptor and its application in image matching. Int J Optoelectron 2016:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1584514
Zhao Y, Wang R-G, Wang W-M, Gao W (2016) Local quantization code histogram for texture classification. Neurocomputing 207:354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.05.016
Zhong F, Zhang J (2013) Face recognition with enhanced local directional patterns. Neurocomputing 119:375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.03.020
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Code availability
Code will be available after publishing at EbrahimAlwajih/An-enhanced-LBP-based-technique-with-various-size-of-sliding-window-approach-for-handwritten-Arabic: An enhanced LBP-based technique with various size of sliding window approach for handwritten Arabic digit recognition (github.com).
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia [grant number 1641].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest/competing interests
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al-wajih, E., Ghazali, R. An enhanced LBP-based technique with various size of sliding window approach for handwritten Arabic digit recognition. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 24399–24418 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10762-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10762-x