Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Turkish Family Members’ Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined familial patterns of attitudes toward lesbians (AT-Lesbians) and toward gay men (AT-Gay) by using Herek’s (1998) short-form of AT-Lesbian and AT-Gay scales. The participants were 116 college students (47 males, 69 females) and their parents (116 mothers, 116 fathers) located in the West Anatolian region of Turkey. Results point to significant differences between parents and their daughters, but not between parents and their sons. Fathers expressed relatively negative attitudes toward gay men, whereas mothers’ expressed similar attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Sons’ attitudes did not differ significantly across attitude targets, whereas daughters expressed relatively negative attitudes toward lesbians. Maternal attitudes appeared to be the most effective predictor for young childrens’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aboud, F., & Doyle, A. B. (1996). Parental and peer influences on children’s racial attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, P. R., Moriuchi, K. D., Waite, M. S., & Perry, L. B. (1983). Parental attitudes about sexual education: Cross-cultural differences and covariate controls. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12, 381–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aydin, H., & Gulcat, Z. (2001). Homoerotic, Homosexual, and Ambisexual Behaviors. In The international encyclopedia of sexuality (vol. 4, (pp. 602–638)). New York: The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basaran, F. A. (1974). Psiko-sosyal gelisim (Psycho-social development). Ankara, Turkey: Ankara University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basaran, Y. T. (2002). LGBT youth situation in Turkey. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Conference on gay and lesbian youth on the border of EU accession, January.

  • Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological Reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehnke, K. (2001). Parent-offspring value transmissions in a societal context: Suggestions for a Utopian research design with empirical underpinnings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 241–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulut, A. (1998). Sexual education in adolescence. In S. Senol, & N. Ruganci (Eds.) Sexuality in adolescence: Development and its problems (Ergen cinselligi: Gelisimi ve sorunları) (pp. 24–28). Ankara, Turkey: Association of Children’s and Youth’s Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulut, A., Nalbant, H., & Cokar, M. (2002). Developing adolescents’ health conscious Project (Technical Report no.TUR/03/01.07/P07). Istanbul: The Education and Research Unit of Women’s Health, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University.

  • Burt, K. B. (2002). Parent and gender role attitudes in 1990s Great Britain. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 46, 239–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, J. M., & Iovini, J. (1985). The transmission of racial attitudes from fathers to son: A study of blacks and whites. Adolescence, 2, 233–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cileli, M. (2000). Change in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995. Journal of Psychology, 134, 297–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duyan, V. (2004). Cinsel tutum olcegi el kitabi (Manuel of the scale of sexual attitudes. Ankara. Turkey: Hacettepe University School of Social Work.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duyan, V., & Duyan, G. (2005). Turkish social work students’ attitudes toward Sexuality. Sex Roles, 52, 697–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duyan, V., & Gelbal, S. (2004). Lezbiyen ve geylere yonelik tutum LGYT) olcegi: Guvenilirlik ve gecerlik calismasi. [Attitudes toward lesbians and gays (LGYT) scale: Reliability and validity study]. Turkish Journal of HIV/AIDS, 7, 106–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eksi, A. (1982). Genclerimiz ve Sorunlari (Turkish teenager and their problems). Istanbul: Istanbul Universitesi Yayini.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erol, A. (1996). Din ve escinsellik. [Religion and homosexuality]. Journal of Gay–Lesbian Studies, 2, 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, B. J., & Bowles, T. V. (1997). The effect of family structure and family functioning on adolescents’ perceptions of intimate time spent with parents, siblings, and peers. The Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 25–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, T. D. (1988). The relationship between parent-child communication about sexuality and college students’ sexual behavior and attitudes as a function of parental proximity. Journal of Sex Research, 24, 305–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55, 573–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guney, N., Kargi, E., & Corbaci-Oruc, A. (2004). Universite ogrencilerinin escinsellik konusundaki goruslerinin incelenmesi. [Examining college students’ opinions about homosexuality]. Turkish Journal of HIV/AIDS, 7, 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handelsman, C. D., Cabral, R. J., & Weisfeld, G. E. (1987). Sources of information and adolescent sexual knowledge and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 455–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, B. C. (1995). Religious identification and moral attitudes: The British case. British Journal of Sociology, 46, 457–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1998). The attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (ATLG) scale. In C. M. Davis, W. H. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. L. Davis (Eds.) Handbook of sexuality-related measures (pp. 392–294). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2000). Sexual Prejudice and gender: Do heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men differ? Journal of Social Issues, 56, 251–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2002). Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 40–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, Y. P. (1995). Black heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in the United States. The Journal of Sex Research, 32, 95–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., & Gonzales-Rivera, M. (2006). Attitudes toward homosexuality among U.S. residents of Mexican descent. Journal of Sex Research, 43, 122–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 239–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, M. K., & Niemi, R. G. (1968). The transmission of political values from parent to child. American Political Science Rewiew, 62, 169–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, L., Gambles, D., & Olsen, J. (1988). Attitudes toward homosexuality: A cross-cultural analysis of predictors. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 34, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandiyoti, D. (1987). Urban change and women’s roles in Turkey: An overview and evaluation. In C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.) Sex roles, family and community in Turkey. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Turkish Studies 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandiyoti, D. (1995). Ataerkil oruntuler: Turk toplumunda erkek egemenliginin cozumlenmesine yonelik notlar [Patriarchal patterns: Notes about the solution of man hegemony in Turkish society]. In S. Tekeli (Ed.) 1980 ‘ler Turkiye’ sinde kadin bakis acisindan kadinlar [Women from the perspective of women in 1980s Turkey] (pp. 367–382). Istanbul, Turkey: Iletisim Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1973). Psychological aspects of modernization in Turkey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 157–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1981). Sex roles, value of children and fertility. In C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.) Sex roles, family and community in Turkey (pp. 151–181). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Turkish Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1982). The changing value of children in Turkey (no. 60-E). Honolulu: East West Population Institute Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagitcibasi, C., & Sunar, D. (1992). Family and socialization in Turkey. In J. L. Roopnarine, & D. B. Carter (Eds.) Parent–child socialization in diverse cultures (pp. 75–88). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kite, M. E., & Whitley Jr., B. E. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil right: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 336–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (2002). Choices in relationships. USA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulik, L. (2002). Like-sex versus opposite-sex effects in transmission of gender role ideology from parents to adolescents in Israel. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 451–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulik, L. (2004). Transmission of attitudes regarding family life from parents to adolescents in Israel. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 85, 345–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Looker, E. D., & Pineo, P. C. (1983). Social psychological variables and their relevance to the status attainment of teenagers. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 1195–1219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim, B. (1988). Social background, schooling and parental job attitudes as related to adolescents’ work value. Youth and Society, 19, 269–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. G., Parriag, A. V., & Morrison, M. A. (1999). The psychometric properties of the homonegativity scale. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 111–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2002). Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 15–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, D. L., & Scodel, A. (1960). Relationships between ethnocentrism in children and the ethnocentrism and authoritarian rearing practices of their mothers. Child Development, 31, 369–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nauck, B. (1995). Educational climate and intergenerative transmission in Turkish families: A comparison of migrants in Germany and non-migrants. In P. Noack, M. Hofer, & Youniss (Eds.) Psychological responses to social change (pp. 67–85). Berlin: DeGruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Necef, M. (1999). The transformation of the culture and language of intimacy. Psyke & Logos, 20, 435–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Bryan, M., Fisbein, H. D., & Ritchey, N. (2004). Intergenerational transmission of prejudice, sex role stereotyping, and intolerance. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinquart, M., & Silberisen, K. R. (2004). Transmission of Values from adolescents to their parents: The role of value content and authoritative parenting. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 323–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qualls, R. C., Cox, B. M., & Scher, T. (1992). Racial attitudes on campus: Are there gender differences? Journal of College Students Development, 33, 524–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakalli, N. (2002a). The relationship between sexism and attitudes toward homosexuality in a sample of Turkish college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 53–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakalli, N. (2002b). Pictures of male homosexuals in the heads of Turkish college students: The effects of sex difference and social contact on stereotyping. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 111–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakalli, N. (2002c). Application of the attribution-value model of prejudice to homosexuality. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 264–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakalli, N., & Ugurlu, O. (2001). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish University students’ attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 53–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savaser, S. (2003). Knowledge and attitudes of high school students about AIDS: A Turkish perspective. Public Health Nursing, 20, 71–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sev’er, A., & Yurdakul, G. (2001). Culture of honor, culture of change: A feminist analysis of honour killings in rural Turkey. Violence Against Women: Special Issue on Global Examples of Violence Against Women, 7(9), 964–999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, J., & Walters, L. H. (1983). The role of the family in the sex education. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 16, 8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, U. (2002). Turkiye’de escinsellik [Homosexuality in Turkey]. Istanbul, Turkey: 3rd LGBT Strategy Seminar, August.

  • Yorukoglu, A. (1980). Cocugun psikolojik sagligi [Psychological health of the child]. Istanbul: Altin.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aynur Oksal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oksal, A. Turkish Family Members’ Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men. Sex Roles 58, 514–525 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9370-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9370-6

Keywords

Navigation