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Organizational Factors Affecting Volunteers: A Literature Review on Volunteer Coordination

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Abstract

While volunteer literature presents diverse insights into the motives, personal dispositions, and sociodemographic characteristics of volunteers, researches comparatively seldom focus on the incentives and organizational context affecting volunteers. This review aims to shed light on the organizational factors affecting volunteers collectively and to discuss the coordination of volunteers. Systematic research of the literature revealed 386 publications that are relevant to volunteer coordination. Their abstracts were analyzed in a process of open and selective coding, which led to the identification of three main clusters. This literature review produced the following propositions: it is argued that the practices and instruments of volunteer management (Cluster 1), and, even more strongly, the organizational attitudes towards volunteers as well as the organizations’ embedded values (Cluster 2), co-determined by social processes (integration and production of meaning), are crucial factors affecting volunteers. The review also deals with structural features that limit the action space of volunteers and volunteer coordination (Cluster 3). It concludes by discussing the limitations present in the current volunteer research and provides implications for future research endeavors. Thus, this piece of work presents a holistic view on volunteer coordination and theory building by carefully synthesizing information about the organizational context of volunteering from different disciplines and research traditions, resulting in different intervention logics, and by integrating these data in an analytical framework.

Résumé

Si les publications sur le volontariat apportent des éclairages divers sur les motifs, les dispositions personnelles et les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des volontaires, par comparaison les recherches s’intéressent rarement aux incitations et au contexte organisationnel affectant les volontaires. Cette étude vise à apporter un éclairage sur les facteurs organisationnels affectant les volontaires à titre collectif et à analyser la coordination de ces derniers. Une recherche systématique de la littérature existante a mis en évidence 386 publications afférentes à la coordination des volontaires. Leurs extraits ont été analysés selon un processus de codage ouvert et sélectif, ayant conduit à l’identification de trois ensembles principaux. Cette étude documentaire a conduit aux propositions suivantes : Il est allégué que les pratiques et outils de gestion des volontaires (Ensemble 1) et, de manière plus forte encore, les attitudes organisationnelles à l’égard des volontaires ainsi que les valeurs intégrées des organisations (Ensemble 2), canalisées par les processus sociaux, constituent des facteurs cruciaux affectant les volontaires. La recherche traite également des caractéristiques structurelles limitant la marge de manœuvre des volontaires et la coordination de ces derniers (Ensemble 3). Elle conclut par une analyse des limitations présentes dans la recherche actuelle sur le volontariat et en expose les implications pour les initiatives futures de recherche. Ce travail présente donc une conception holistique de la coordination des volontaires et de l’élaboration d’une théorie. Il propose une synthèse rigoureuse des informations sur le contexte organisationnel du volontariat, issues de différentes disciplines et traditions de recherche, résultant en des logiques d’intervention distinctes et intégrant ces données au sein d’un cadre analytique.

Zusammenfassung

Zwar verschafft die Literatur zum Thema ehrenamtliche Arbeit diverse Einblicke in die Motive und die persönlichen und soziodemographischen Merkmale ehrenamtlich Tätiger, doch konzentrieren sich die Studien relativ selten auf die Anreize und organisatorischen Umstände, die Einfluss auf ehrenamtlich Tätige nehmen. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, Aufschluss über die organisatorischen Faktoren zu geben, die die ehrenamtlich Tätigen insgesamt beeinflussen, und die Koordination ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter zu diskutieren. Im Rahmen einer systematischen Literaturstudie wurden 386 Publikationen entdeckt, die sich auf die Koordination ehrenamtlich Tätiger beziehen. Die Zusammenfassungen dieser Publikationen wurden mittels eines offenen und selektiven Kodierungsverfahrens analysiert, was zu einer Einteilung in drei Hauptgruppen führte. Die Literaturstudie ließ uns folgende Behauptungen aufstellen: Es wird behauptet, dass die Praktiken und Instrumente zum Management ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter (Gruppe 1) und insbesondere die organisatorische Haltung gegenüber den ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeitern sowie die Werte der Organisationen (Gruppe 2), welche durch gesellschaftliche Prozesse gemäßigt werden, wichtige Faktoren sind, von denen ehrenamtlich Tätige beeinflusst werden. Die Studie behandelt zudem die strukturellen Merkmale, die den Handlungsspielraum und die Koordination der ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter (Gruppe 3) einschränken. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Diskussion der Beschränkungen in der aktuellen Forschung zur ehrenamtlichen Arbeit und beschreibt die Schlussfolgerungen für zukünftige Forschungsbemühungen. Durch eine sorgfältige Darstellung der Informationen über den organisatorischen Zusammenhang ehrenamtlicher Arbeit aus verschiedenen Disziplinen und Forschungstraditionen, was zu unterschiedlichen Interventionslogiken führt, und durch die Integration dieser Daten in ein analytisches Rahmenwerk bietet die vorliegende Arbeit eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der Koordination ehrenamtlich Tätiger und der Theorieerstellung.

Resumen

Aunque el material publicado sobre los voluntarios presenta apreciaciones diversas de los motivos, disposiciones personales y características sociodemográficas de los voluntarios, las investigaciones raras veces se centran comparativamente en los incentivos y el contexto organizativo que afecta a los voluntarios. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo arrojar luz sobre los factores organizativos que afectan a los voluntarios colectivamente y tratar de la coordinación de los voluntarios. La investigación sistemática del material publicado reveló 386 publicaciones que son relevantes para la coordinación de los voluntarios. Sus extractos fueron analizados en un proceso de codificación abierta y selectiva, que llevó a la identificación de tres grupos principales. Esta revisión del material publicado produjo las siguientes propuestas: Se argumenta que las prácticas e instrumentos de la gestión de voluntarios (Grupo 1) e, incluso más firmemente, las actitudes organizativas hacia los voluntarios, así como también los valores arraigados de las organizaciones (Grupo 2), moderados por procesos sociales, son factores cruciales que afectan a los voluntarios. La revisión también trata de las características estructurales que limitan el espacio de acción de los voluntarios y la coordinación de los mismos (Grupo 3). Concluye debatiendo las limitaciones presentes en la investigación actual sobre voluntarios y proporciona implicaciones para futuros empeños de investigación. De este modo, este trabajo presenta una visión holística sobre la coordinación de los voluntarios y la creación de teorías sintetizando cuidadosamente la información sobre el contexto organizativo del voluntariado a partir de diferentes disciplinas y tradiciones de investigación, dando lugar a diferentes lógicas de intervención e integrando dichos datos en un marco analítico.

摘要

对于志愿者的动机、个人性格和社会统计学特征,志愿者相关文献提出了各种多样化的深入分析,但是研究者却相对很少关注影响志愿者的激励机制和组织机构因素。本文旨在探索整体影响志愿者的组织机构因素,并探讨志愿者的协调问题。对相关文献的系统研究涉及了386篇与志愿者协调工作有关的出版物。我们采用开放式以及选择性的方式分析了其摘要内容,确定了三大主要组群。查阅这些文献,可以发现,这些文献提出了:志愿者管理实践与管理工具(组群一),以及对于志愿者和组织机构内在价值观的组织性态度(组群二),是影响志愿者行为的关键因素(当然这还要受到社会流程的调节作用);另外,文献还提出了志愿者的活动空间和志愿活动协调工作受到结构特征的限制(组群三)。我们最后讨论了当前志愿行为研究中所受限制,提出了未来研究工作的一些方向。因此,通过综合来自不同领域和传统研究工作的关于志愿行为组织机构因素的相关信息(这些信息能够带来不同的干预方式),并将这些信息放入分析框架之中,本文对志愿者协调工作提出了整体性的观点,建立了一些理论基础。

ملخص

في حين يعرض أدب المتطوعين رؤى متنوعة في الدوافع ، الترتيبات الشخصية، والديموغرافية الإجتماعية وخصائص المتطوعين، البحوث نادرا˝ ما تركز نسبيا˝ على الحوافز والسياق التنظيمي الذي يؤثر في المتطوعين. هذا الإستعراض يهدف إلى تسليط الضوء على العوامل التنظيمية التي تؤثر بشكل جماعي على المتطوعين لمناقشة التنسيق بين المتطوعين. البحث المنهجي في الأدب كشف 386 منشورا˝ ذات صلة بتنسيق التطوع. قد تم تحليل ملخلصاتهم في عملية صياغة رموز شفرية مفتوحة وانتقائية، التي أدت إلى التعرف على ثلاث مجموعات رئيسية. أنتج هذا الاستعراض الأدبي المقترحات التالية : جادلت ممارسات وأدوات إدارة المتطوعين (المجموعة 1) ، وبقوة أكبر، المواقف التنظيمية تجاه المتطوعين وكذلك قيم جزء لا يتجزأ من المنظمات (المجموعة 2)، أصبحت العمليات الإجتماعية المعتدلة، من العوامل الحاسمة التي تؤثر على المتطوعين. الإستعراض يتناول أيضا السمات الهيكلية التي تحد من مساحة عمل المتطوعين وتنسيق المتطوعين (المجموعة 3). يختتم بمناقشة القيود الموجودة في مجال بحوث المتطوعين الحالية ويقدم آثار لمساعي البحث في المستقبل. هكذا، هذا الجزء من العمل يمثل نظرة شاملة على التنسيق التطوعي وبناء نظرية عن طريق تجميع المعلومات بعناية عن السياق التنظيمي للعمل التطوعي من مختلف التخصصات والتقاليد البحثية، مما أدى إلى تدخل منطق مختلف ، ودمج هذه البيانات في إطار تحليلي.

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Notes

  1. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing; International Journal of Volunteer Administration; Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing; Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly; Nonprofit Management & Leadership; Nonprofit World; Voluntary Action. The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research; Voluntary Sector Review; Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations.

  2. Of these studies, approximately one-third are oriented towards practical guidance.

  3. Volunteer-friendly organizations “[…]are those organisations that: recognize that volunteers are an important asset in achieving their mission; identify and address barriers to effective volunteer involvement at all levels of the organisation; empower their paid staff to work in partnership with volunteers; and understand that their volunteers have important observations, perspectives, and knowledge that can help the organisation do its job better” (Allen 2006, p. 42).

  4. Measured by: size of organization, age of volunteers, role that volunteers play in the organization: staff-focused versus volunteer-focused (ratio: staff to volunteers), volunteer intensiveness, number of duties (p. 148).

  5. Measured by: volunteer management capacity (written policies, training for paid staff, liability coverage, recognition activities, regular data collection, training for volunteers, screening and matching, supervision and communication, time VRM spends on volunteer management); organizational culture (lack funds for supporting volunteers, indifference from staff, lack staff training for working with volunteers); number of recruitment methods; and volunteers used to recruit (p. 148).

  6. As an exception, Graf and Gmür 2010) pointed out that the application of a random sample of HRM practices is not enough, and suggested to transfer the High Performance Work System Approach on volunteer coordination. This approach consists of the interaction of its four elements: increasing knowledge, skills, empowerment, and motivation.

  7. Hager and Brudney (2004a, b, 2010) are based on Urban Institute (2004). Additionally, Rehnborg (2007 [2003]) and Rehnborg et al. (2010) are based on the studies already presented by Rehnborg et al. (2002) and UrbanInstitute (2004).

  8. To be precise, the publication of Russell and Scott (1997) also belongs to the studies querying a relevant number of organizations (75), but only on the specific issue of the impact that contracts with the government have on volunteers. For this reason, it has not been added to the 15 studies mentioned earlier.

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Studer, S., von Schnurbein, G. Organizational Factors Affecting Volunteers: A Literature Review on Volunteer Coordination. Voluntas 24, 403–440 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9268-y

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