Abstract
While volunteer literature presents diverse insights into the motives, personal dispositions, and sociodemographic characteristics of volunteers, researches comparatively seldom focus on the incentives and organizational context affecting volunteers. This review aims to shed light on the organizational factors affecting volunteers collectively and to discuss the coordination of volunteers. Systematic research of the literature revealed 386 publications that are relevant to volunteer coordination. Their abstracts were analyzed in a process of open and selective coding, which led to the identification of three main clusters. This literature review produced the following propositions: it is argued that the practices and instruments of volunteer management (Cluster 1), and, even more strongly, the organizational attitudes towards volunteers as well as the organizations’ embedded values (Cluster 2), co-determined by social processes (integration and production of meaning), are crucial factors affecting volunteers. The review also deals with structural features that limit the action space of volunteers and volunteer coordination (Cluster 3). It concludes by discussing the limitations present in the current volunteer research and provides implications for future research endeavors. Thus, this piece of work presents a holistic view on volunteer coordination and theory building by carefully synthesizing information about the organizational context of volunteering from different disciplines and research traditions, resulting in different intervention logics, and by integrating these data in an analytical framework.
Résumé
Si les publications sur le volontariat apportent des éclairages divers sur les motifs, les dispositions personnelles et les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des volontaires, par comparaison les recherches s’intéressent rarement aux incitations et au contexte organisationnel affectant les volontaires. Cette étude vise à apporter un éclairage sur les facteurs organisationnels affectant les volontaires à titre collectif et à analyser la coordination de ces derniers. Une recherche systématique de la littérature existante a mis en évidence 386 publications afférentes à la coordination des volontaires. Leurs extraits ont été analysés selon un processus de codage ouvert et sélectif, ayant conduit à l’identification de trois ensembles principaux. Cette étude documentaire a conduit aux propositions suivantes : Il est allégué que les pratiques et outils de gestion des volontaires (Ensemble 1) et, de manière plus forte encore, les attitudes organisationnelles à l’égard des volontaires ainsi que les valeurs intégrées des organisations (Ensemble 2), canalisées par les processus sociaux, constituent des facteurs cruciaux affectant les volontaires. La recherche traite également des caractéristiques structurelles limitant la marge de manœuvre des volontaires et la coordination de ces derniers (Ensemble 3). Elle conclut par une analyse des limitations présentes dans la recherche actuelle sur le volontariat et en expose les implications pour les initiatives futures de recherche. Ce travail présente donc une conception holistique de la coordination des volontaires et de l’élaboration d’une théorie. Il propose une synthèse rigoureuse des informations sur le contexte organisationnel du volontariat, issues de différentes disciplines et traditions de recherche, résultant en des logiques d’intervention distinctes et intégrant ces données au sein d’un cadre analytique.
Zusammenfassung
Zwar verschafft die Literatur zum Thema ehrenamtliche Arbeit diverse Einblicke in die Motive und die persönlichen und soziodemographischen Merkmale ehrenamtlich Tätiger, doch konzentrieren sich die Studien relativ selten auf die Anreize und organisatorischen Umstände, die Einfluss auf ehrenamtlich Tätige nehmen. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, Aufschluss über die organisatorischen Faktoren zu geben, die die ehrenamtlich Tätigen insgesamt beeinflussen, und die Koordination ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter zu diskutieren. Im Rahmen einer systematischen Literaturstudie wurden 386 Publikationen entdeckt, die sich auf die Koordination ehrenamtlich Tätiger beziehen. Die Zusammenfassungen dieser Publikationen wurden mittels eines offenen und selektiven Kodierungsverfahrens analysiert, was zu einer Einteilung in drei Hauptgruppen führte. Die Literaturstudie ließ uns folgende Behauptungen aufstellen: Es wird behauptet, dass die Praktiken und Instrumente zum Management ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter (Gruppe 1) und insbesondere die organisatorische Haltung gegenüber den ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeitern sowie die Werte der Organisationen (Gruppe 2), welche durch gesellschaftliche Prozesse gemäßigt werden, wichtige Faktoren sind, von denen ehrenamtlich Tätige beeinflusst werden. Die Studie behandelt zudem die strukturellen Merkmale, die den Handlungsspielraum und die Koordination der ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter (Gruppe 3) einschränken. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Diskussion der Beschränkungen in der aktuellen Forschung zur ehrenamtlichen Arbeit und beschreibt die Schlussfolgerungen für zukünftige Forschungsbemühungen. Durch eine sorgfältige Darstellung der Informationen über den organisatorischen Zusammenhang ehrenamtlicher Arbeit aus verschiedenen Disziplinen und Forschungstraditionen, was zu unterschiedlichen Interventionslogiken führt, und durch die Integration dieser Daten in ein analytisches Rahmenwerk bietet die vorliegende Arbeit eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der Koordination ehrenamtlich Tätiger und der Theorieerstellung.
Resumen
Aunque el material publicado sobre los voluntarios presenta apreciaciones diversas de los motivos, disposiciones personales y características sociodemográficas de los voluntarios, las investigaciones raras veces se centran comparativamente en los incentivos y el contexto organizativo que afecta a los voluntarios. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo arrojar luz sobre los factores organizativos que afectan a los voluntarios colectivamente y tratar de la coordinación de los voluntarios. La investigación sistemática del material publicado reveló 386 publicaciones que son relevantes para la coordinación de los voluntarios. Sus extractos fueron analizados en un proceso de codificación abierta y selectiva, que llevó a la identificación de tres grupos principales. Esta revisión del material publicado produjo las siguientes propuestas: Se argumenta que las prácticas e instrumentos de la gestión de voluntarios (Grupo 1) e, incluso más firmemente, las actitudes organizativas hacia los voluntarios, así como también los valores arraigados de las organizaciones (Grupo 2), moderados por procesos sociales, son factores cruciales que afectan a los voluntarios. La revisión también trata de las características estructurales que limitan el espacio de acción de los voluntarios y la coordinación de los mismos (Grupo 3). Concluye debatiendo las limitaciones presentes en la investigación actual sobre voluntarios y proporciona implicaciones para futuros empeños de investigación. De este modo, este trabajo presenta una visión holística sobre la coordinación de los voluntarios y la creación de teorías sintetizando cuidadosamente la información sobre el contexto organizativo del voluntariado a partir de diferentes disciplinas y tradiciones de investigación, dando lugar a diferentes lógicas de intervención e integrando dichos datos en un marco analítico.
摘要
对于志愿者的动机、个人性格和社会统计学特征,志愿者相关文献提出了各种多样化的深入分析,但是研究者却相对很少关注影响志愿者的激励机制和组织机构因素。本文旨在探索整体影响志愿者的组织机构因素,并探讨志愿者的协调问题。对相关文献的系统研究涉及了386篇与志愿者协调工作有关的出版物。我们采用开放式以及选择性的方式分析了其摘要内容,确定了三大主要组群。查阅这些文献,可以发现,这些文献提出了:志愿者管理实践与管理工具(组群一),以及对于志愿者和组织机构内在价值观的组织性态度(组群二),是影响志愿者行为的关键因素(当然这还要受到社会流程的调节作用);另外,文献还提出了志愿者的活动空间和志愿活动协调工作受到结构特征的限制(组群三)。我们最后讨论了当前志愿行为研究中所受限制,提出了未来研究工作的一些方向。因此,通过综合来自不同领域和传统研究工作的关于志愿行为组织机构因素的相关信息(这些信息能够带来不同的干预方式),并将这些信息放入分析框架之中,本文对志愿者协调工作提出了整体性的观点,建立了一些理论基础。
ملخص
في حين يعرض أدب المتطوعين رؤى متنوعة في الدوافع ، الترتيبات الشخصية، والديموغرافية الإجتماعية وخصائص المتطوعين، البحوث نادرا˝ ما تركز نسبيا˝ على الحوافز والسياق التنظيمي الذي يؤثر في المتطوعين. هذا الإستعراض يهدف إلى تسليط الضوء على العوامل التنظيمية التي تؤثر بشكل جماعي على المتطوعين لمناقشة التنسيق بين المتطوعين. البحث المنهجي في الأدب كشف 386 منشورا˝ ذات صلة بتنسيق التطوع. قد تم تحليل ملخلصاتهم في عملية صياغة رموز شفرية مفتوحة وانتقائية، التي أدت إلى التعرف على ثلاث مجموعات رئيسية. أنتج هذا الاستعراض الأدبي المقترحات التالية : جادلت ممارسات وأدوات إدارة المتطوعين (المجموعة 1) ، وبقوة أكبر، المواقف التنظيمية تجاه المتطوعين وكذلك قيم جزء لا يتجزأ من المنظمات (المجموعة 2)، أصبحت العمليات الإجتماعية المعتدلة، من العوامل الحاسمة التي تؤثر على المتطوعين. الإستعراض يتناول أيضا السمات الهيكلية التي تحد من مساحة عمل المتطوعين وتنسيق المتطوعين (المجموعة 3). يختتم بمناقشة القيود الموجودة في مجال بحوث المتطوعين الحالية ويقدم آثار لمساعي البحث في المستقبل. هكذا، هذا الجزء من العمل يمثل نظرة شاملة على التنسيق التطوعي وبناء نظرية عن طريق تجميع المعلومات بعناية عن السياق التنظيمي للعمل التطوعي من مختلف التخصصات والتقاليد البحثية، مما أدى إلى تدخل منطق مختلف ، ودمج هذه البيانات في إطار تحليلي.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing; International Journal of Volunteer Administration; Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing; Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly; Nonprofit Management & Leadership; Nonprofit World; Voluntary Action. The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research; Voluntary Sector Review; Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations.
Of these studies, approximately one-third are oriented towards practical guidance.
Volunteer-friendly organizations “[…]are those organisations that: recognize that volunteers are an important asset in achieving their mission; identify and address barriers to effective volunteer involvement at all levels of the organisation; empower their paid staff to work in partnership with volunteers; and understand that their volunteers have important observations, perspectives, and knowledge that can help the organisation do its job better” (Allen 2006, p. 42).
Measured by: size of organization, age of volunteers, role that volunteers play in the organization: staff-focused versus volunteer-focused (ratio: staff to volunteers), volunteer intensiveness, number of duties (p. 148).
Measured by: volunteer management capacity (written policies, training for paid staff, liability coverage, recognition activities, regular data collection, training for volunteers, screening and matching, supervision and communication, time VRM spends on volunteer management); organizational culture (lack funds for supporting volunteers, indifference from staff, lack staff training for working with volunteers); number of recruitment methods; and volunteers used to recruit (p. 148).
As an exception, Graf and Gmür 2010) pointed out that the application of a random sample of HRM practices is not enough, and suggested to transfer the High Performance Work System Approach on volunteer coordination. This approach consists of the interaction of its four elements: increasing knowledge, skills, empowerment, and motivation.
To be precise, the publication of Russell and Scott (1997) also belongs to the studies querying a relevant number of organizations (75), but only on the specific issue of the impact that contracts with the government have on volunteers. For this reason, it has not been added to the 15 studies mentioned earlier.
References
Adams, D. S. (1983). Selection, socialization, and four types of members in the red cross chapter: A typology of voluntary association members. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 12(2), 31–45.
Allen, K. (2006). From motivation to action through volunteer-friendly organizations. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(1), 41–44.
Ammann, H. (2004). Freiwilligkeit zwischen liberaler und sozialer Demokratie. Zürich: Seismo.
Babchuk, N., & Booth, A. (1969). Voluntary association membership: A longitudinal analysis. American Sociological Review, 34(1), 31–45.
Barnes, M. L., & Sharpe, E. K. (2009). Looking beyond traditional volunteer management: A case study of an alternative approach to volunteer engagement in parks and recreation. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 20, 169–187.
Beerli, A., Díaz, G., & Martín, J. D. (2004). The behavioural consequences of self-congruency in volunteers. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9(1), 28–48.
Beher, K., Liebig, R., & Rauschenbach, T. (2000). Strukturwandel des Ehrenamts: Gemeinwohlorientiertung im Modernisierungsprozess. Weinheim: Juventa Verlag.
Bender, C. (2003). Heaven’s kitchen: Living religion at god’s love we deliver. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bennett, R., & Barkensjo, A. (2005). Internal marketing, negative experiences, and volunteers’ commitment to providing high-quality services in a uk helping and caring charitable organization. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 16(3), 251–274.
Bennett, R., & Kottasz, R. (2001). Advertisement style and the recruitment of charity volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 8(2), 45–63.
Betz, M., & Judkins, B. (1975). The impact of voluntary association characteristics on selective attraction and socialization. Sociological Quarterly, 16(2), 228–240.
Boezeman, E. J., & Ellemers, N. (2008). Volunteer recruitment: The role of organizational support and anticipated respect in non-volunteers’ attraction to charitable volunteer organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1013–1026.
Boezeman, E. J., & Ellemers, N. (2009). Intrinsic need satisfaction and the job attitudes of volunteers versus employees working in a charitable volunteer organization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 897–914.
Bowman, W. (2009). The economic value of volunteers to nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 19(4), 491–506.
Brewis, G., Hill, M., & Stevens, D. (2010). Valuing volunteer management skills. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Brudney, J. L., & Gazley, B. (2002). Testing the conventional wisdom regarding volunteer programs: A longitudinal analysis of the service corps of retired executives and the U.S. Small business administration. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(4), 525–548.
Brudney, J. L., & Meijs, L. C. P. M. (2009). It ain’t natural: Toward a new (natural) resource conceptualization for volunteer management. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(4), 564–581.
Brudney, J. L., & Warren, R. (1990). Multiple forms of volunteer activity in the public sector: Functional, structural, and policy dimensions. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 19(1), 47–58.
Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. London: Heinemann.
Bürsch, M. (2002). Bericht der Enquete-Kommission “Zukunft des Bürgerschaftlichen Engagements”: Bürgerschafltiches Engagement: Auf dem Weg in eine zukunftsfähige Bürgergesellschaft. Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag 14. Wahlperiode.
Bussell, H., & Forbes, D. (2002). Understanding the volunteer market: The what, where, who and why of volunteering. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 7(3), 244–257.
Capner, M., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1993). Factors affecting the progression towards burnout: A comparison of professional and volunteer counsellors. Psychological Reports, 73(2), 555–561.
Carroll, M., & Harris, M. (2000). Voluntary action in a campaigning context: An exploratory study of greenpeace. Voluntary Action. The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research, 2(1), 9–18.
Chinman, M. J., & Wandersman, A. (1999). The benefits and costs of volunteering in community organizations: Review and practical implications. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(1), 46–64.
Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Miene, P. K., & Haugen, J. A. (1994). Matching messages to motives in persuasion: A functional approach to promoting volunteerism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(13), 1129–1149.
Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., & Stukas, A. A. (1996). Volunteers’ motivations: Findings from a national survey. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25(4), 485–505.
Cnaan, R. A., & Amrofell, L. (1994). Mapping volunteer activity. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(4), 335–351.
Cnaan, R. A., & Cascio, T. A. (1998). Performance and commitment: Issues in management of volunteers in human service organizations. Journal of Social Service Research, 24(3), 1–37.
Cnaan, R. A., & Goldberg-Glen, R. S. (1991). Measuring motivation to volunteer in human services. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(3), 269–284.
Cohen-Callow, A. (2008). Factors associated with older adult volunteers’ organizational withdrawal: Testing a model of volunteer behavior. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Maryland, Maryland. Retrieved from Proquest (3323583).
Connors, T. D. (1999). The volunteer management handbook. New York: Wiley.
Craig-Lees, M., Harris, J., & Lau, W. (2008). The role of dispositional, organizational and situational variables in volunteering. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 19(2), 1–24.
Cruz, D. (2009). Negotiating identity & managing roles: A phenomenological analysis of volunteers’ lived experiences. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Missouri, Missouri. Retrieved from Proquest (3458969).
Cunningham, I. (1999). Human resource management in the voluntary sector: Challenges and opportunities. Public Money and Management, 19(2), 19.
Cunningham, I. J., & Eys, M. A. (2007). Role ambiguity and intra-team communication in interdependent sport teams. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(10), 2220–2237.
Cuskelly, G., Taylor, T., Hoye, R., & Darcy, S. (2006). Volunteer management practices and volunteer retention: A human resource management approach. Sport Management Review, 9(2), 141–163.
Dailey, R. C. (1986). Understanding organizational commitment for volunteers: Empirical and managerial implications. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 15(1), 19–31.
Deegan, M. J., & Nutt, L. E. (1975). The hospital volunteer. Work and Occupations, 2(4), 338–353.
Dolnicar, S., & Randle, M. (2007a). The international volunteering market: Market segments and competitive relations. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 12(4), 350–370.
Dolnicar, S., & Randle, M. (2007b). What motivates which volunteers? Psychographic heterogeneity among volunteers in australia. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 18(2), 135–155.
Drucker, P. E. (1989). What business can learn from nonprofits. Harvard Business Review, 67(4), 88–93.
Emanuele, R. (1996). Is there a (downward sloping) demand curve for volunteer labour? Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 67(2), 193–208.
Ewing, R. L., Govekar, M. A., Govekar, P. L., & Rishi, M. (2002). Economics, market segmentation and recruiting: Targeting your promotion to volunteers’ needs. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 10(1), 61–76.
Farmer, S. M., & Fedor, D. B. (1999). Volunteer participation and withdrawal: A psychological contract perspective on the role of expectations and organizational support. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(4), 349–367.
Farmer, S. M., & Fedor, D. B. (2001). Changing the focus on volunteering: An investigation of volunteers’ multiple contributions to a charitable organization. Journal of Management, 27(2), 191–211.
Finkelstein, M. A., Penner, L. A., & Brannick, M. T. (2005). Motive, role identity, and prosocial personality as predictors of volunteer activity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(4), 403–418.
Fisher, R. J., & Ackerman, D. (1998). The effects of recognition and group need on volunteerism: A social norm perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(3), 262–275.
Fisher, J. C., Cole, K. M., & Fisher, N. E. (1994). Leadership and management of volunteer programs: A guide for volunteer administrators. San Francisco: Jossy-Bass.
Forsyth, J. (1999). Volunteer management strategies: Balancing risk and reward. Nonprofit World, 17(3), 40–43.
Fottler, M. D., & Fottler, C. A. (1984). The management of volunteers in nonprofit organizations. The Nonprofit World Report, 2(5), 18–30.
Galindo-Kuhn, R., & Guzley, R. M. (2001). The volunteer satisfaction index: Construct definition, measurement, development, and validation. Journal of Social Service Research, 28(1), 45–68.
Garçia-Mainar, I., & Marcuello, C. (2007). Members, volunteers, and donors in nonprofit organizations in Spain. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(1), 100–120.
Garver, M. S., Divine, R. L., & Spralls, S. A. (2009). Segmentation analysis of the volunteering preferences of university students. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21(1), 1–23.
Gaskin, K. (2003). Choice blend: What volunteers want from organisation and management. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Gaskin, K., & Smith, J. D. (1996). Ein neues bürgerschaftliches Europa eine Untersuchung zur Verbreitung und Rolle von Volunteering in zehn Ländern. Freiburg im Breisgau: Lambertus.
Gay, P. (2000). Delivering the goods: The work and future direction of volunteer management. Voluntary Action. The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research, 2(2), 45–57.
Gay, P. (2001). Bright future: Developing volunteer management. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Gidron, B. (1987). Integration of volunteer workers into formal human service agencies. Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 11(2), 191–205.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1999 [1967]). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine.
Gmuer, M. (2010). Herausforderungen und Lösungsperspektiven für das Freiwilligenmanagement. Verbands-Management, 36(3), 6–15.
Graf, S., & Gmür, M. (2010). Is high performance work system (hpws) applicable on managing volunteers? Conference paper at the Colloque International de Management Lyon.
Graff, L. L. (2006). Declining profit margin: When volunteers cost more than they return. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(1), 24–32.
Grochla, E. (1995). Grundlagen der organisatorischen Gestaltung. Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag.
Gross, M. L. (1995). Moral judgment, organizational incentives and collective action: Participation in abortion politics. Political Research Quarterly, 48(3), 507–534.
Grube, J. A., & Piliavin, J. A. (2000). Role identity, organizational experiences, and volunteer performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1108–1119.
Güntert, S. T. (2007). Freiwilligenarbeit als Tätigsein in Organisationen: Arbeits-und organisationspsychologische Studien zu Freiwilligen-und Miliztätigkeiten—diskutiert vor dem Hintergrund tätigkeittheoretischer Überlegungen. Züricher Buchbeiträge zur Psychologie der Arbeit, Zürich: ETH Zürich.
Gunyon, J. (2007). Leadership development through mentoring: An exploratory investigation of adult volunteer perceptions about the value of mentoring. Ph.D. Thesis. Capella University, Minnesota. Retrieved from Proquest (3253621).
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279.
Hager, M. A., & Brudney, J. L. (2004a). Balancing act: The challenges and benefits of volunteers. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Hager, M. A., & Brudney, J. L. (2004b). Volunteer management: Practices and retention of volunteers. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Hager, M. A., & Brudney, J. L. (2011). Problems recruiting volunteers: Nature versus nurture. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 22(2), 137–157.
Haivas, S. M. (2009). The management of volunteers. Yearbook of “Gh. Zane” Institute of Economic and Social Researches, 18(1), 69–76.
Hallahan, L. (2000). Who manages volunteers in health and community service organisations in victoria? Australian Journal on Volunteering, 5(2), 10–18.
Händel-Burckardt, M. (2000). Zur Integration ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter/innen in Organisationen. Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Clinical Management, 4(1), 333–350.
Handy, F., Mook, L., & Quarter, J. (2008). The interchangeability of paid staff and volunteers in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(1), 76–92.
Handy, F., & Srinivasan, N. (2004). Valuing volunteers: An economic evaluation of the net benefits of hospital volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(28), 28–54.
Hansson, A.-S. (2006). The psychosocial work environment in the church of Sweden: An explorative study. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 16(3), 329–343.
Harlow, J. Y. (1998). The nature and scope of changes effected by the utilization of strategic management in volunteer-managed nonprofit organizations. Ph.D. Thesis. Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. Retrieved from Proquest (9833081).
Haski-Leventhal, D., & Bargal, D. (2008). The volunteer stages and transitions model: Organizational socialization of volunteers. Human Relations, 61(1), 67–102.
Haski-Leventhal, D., & Cnaan, R. A. (2009). Group processes and volunteering: Using groups to enhance volunteerism. Administration in Social Work, 33(1), 61–80.
Haski-Leventhal, D., & Meijs, L. C. P. M. (2011). The volunteer matrix: Positioning of volunteer organizations. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16(2), 127–137.
Haski-Leventhal, D., Meijs, L. C. M. P., & Hustinx, L. (2009). The third-party model: Enhancing volunteering through governments, corporations and educational institutes. Journal of Social Policy, 39(01), 139–158.
Heidrich, K. W. (1990). Volunteers’ life-styles: Market segmentation based on volunteers’ role choices. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 19(1), 21–31.
Hidalgo, M. C., & Moreno, P. (2009). Organizational socialization of volunteers: The effect on their intention to remain. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(5), 594–601.
Hill, M., & Stevens, D. (2011). Volunteers who manage other volunteers and the professionalisation of volunteer management: Implications for practice. Voluntary Sector Review, 2(1), 107–114.
Hobson, C. J., & Heler, K. (2007). The importance of initial assignment quality and staff treatment of new volunteers: A field test of the hobson-heler model of nonprofit agency “volunteer-friendliness”. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(6), 47–56.
Hobson, C. J., Rominger, A., Malec, K., Hobson, C. L., & Evans, K. (1997). Volunteer-friendliness of nonprofit agencies: Definition, conceptual model, and applications. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 4(4), 27–41.
Holden, D. (1997). `on equal ground’: Sustaining virtue among volunteers in a homeless shelter. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 26(2), 117.
Hong, S.-I., Morrow-Howell, N., Tang, F. Y., & Hinterlong, J. (2009). Engaging older adults in volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(2), 200–219.
Hood, M. K. (2002). The one minute answer to volunteer management questions: A practical approach. Danville: Unterwater Publishing.
Hopkins, K. M., Cohen-Callow, A., Kim, H. J., & Hwang, J. (2010). Beyond intent to leave: Using multiple outcome measures for assessing turnover in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1380–1387.
Howlett, S. (2010). Developing volunteer management as a profession. Voluntary Sector Review, 1, 355–360.
Hudman, D. (2010). A grounded theory study of the effectiveness of transformational leadership in training volunteer missionaries. D.M. Thesis. University of Phoenix, Arizona. Retrieved from Proquest (3430553).
Hustinx, L., Cnaan, R. A., & Handy, F. (2010a). Navigating theories of volunteering: A hybrid map for a complex phenomenon. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 4(4), 410–434.
Hustinx, L., Handy, F., & Cnaan, R. A. (2010b). Volunteering. In R. Taylor (Ed.), Third sector research (pp. 73–89). New York: Springer.
Hustinx, L., & Lammertyn, F. (2003). Collective and reflexive styles of volunteering: A sociological modernization perspective. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 14(2), 167–187.
Hustinx, L., & Lammertyn, F. (2004). The cultural bases of volunteering: Understanding and predicting attitudinal differences between Flemish red cross volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(4), 548–584.
Hustinx, L., & Meijs, L. C. P. M. (2011). Re-embedding volunteering: In search of a new collective ground. Voluntary Sector Review, 2(1), 5–21.
Insko, C. A., Kirchner, J. L., Pinter, B., Efaw, J., & Wildschut, T. (2005). Interindividual–intergroup discontinuity as a function of trust and categorization: The paradox of expected cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(2), 365–385.
Jäger, U., Beyes, T. P., & Kreutzer, K. (2009). Balancing acts: NPO-leadership and volunteering. Financial Accountability & Management, 25(1), 557–575.
Jakimow, T. (2010). Negotiating the boundaries of voluntarism: Values in the Indian NGO sector. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21(4), 546–568.
Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers’ adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262–279.
Jordan, T. (2009). Volunteer entry into hospital culture: Relationships among socialization, p-o fit, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Louisville, Kentucky. Retrieved from Proquest (3370033).
Kaltenbrunner, K. A. (2010). Integriertes Freiwilligenmanagement in grossen, fremdleistungsorientierten Nonprofit-Organisationen. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Karl, F. (2008). Perspektiven einer neuen Engagementkultur: Praxisbuch zur kooperativen Entwicklung von Projekten. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Karr, L. B. (2001). Association and organization: An examination of issues relating to cooperation in the context of a national volunteer-run membership organization. Ph.D. Thesis. University of South Carolina, South Carolina. Retrieved from Proquest (3020952).
Kaufman, R., Mirsky, J., & Avgar, A. (2004). A brigade model for the management of service volunteers: Lessons from the former Soviet Union. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9(1), 57–68.
Kegel, T. (2011 [online]). Kooperation von Haupt- und Ehrenamtlichen, Lernmodule bürgerschaftliches Engagement, Duisburg-Essen, C. f. b. E. Universität Duisburg-Essen. Retrieved from http://www.cbe-mh.de/Publikationen.62.0.html.
Kelley, M. S., Lune, H., & Murphy, S. (2005). Doing syringe exchange: Organizational transformation and volunteer commitment. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(3), 362–386.
Klein, M. C. M. (2006). Leaders of effective volunteer organizations: Their character, practice and transformational style. Ed.D. Thesis. Cardinal Stritch University, Wisconsin. Retrieved from Proquest (3221892).
Kreutzer, K., & Jäger, U. (2011). Volunteering versus managerialism: Conflict over organizational identity in voluntary associations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(4), 634–661.
Kulik, L. (2007). Explaining responses to volunteering: An ecological model. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(2), 239–255.
Kummerfeldt, V. (2011). Human resource management strategies for volunteers: A study of job satisfaction, performance, and retention in a nonprofit organization. Ph.D. Thesis. Capella University, Minnesota. Retrieved from Proquest (3449692).
Laczo, R. M., & Hanisch, K. A. (1999). An examination of behavioral families of organizational withdrawal in volunteer workers and paid employees. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 453–477.
Leonard, R., Onyx, J., & Hayward-Brown, H. (2004). Volunteer and coordinator perspectives on managing women volunteers. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 15(2), 205–219.
Liao-Troth, M. A. (2001). Attitude differences between paid workers and volunteers. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 11(4), 423–442.
Liao-Troth, M. (2008). Introduction: Challenges in volunteer management. In M. Liao-Troth (Ed.), Challenges in volunteer management (pp. ix–xii). Charlotte: IAP Information Age Publishing.
Liao-Troth, M. A., & Dunn, C. P. (1999). Social constructs and human service: Managerial sensemaking of volunteer motivation. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 10(4), 345–361.
Lindenmeier, J. (2008). Promoting volunteerism: Effects of self-efficacy, advertisement-induced emotional arousal, perceived costs of volunteering, and message framing. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19(1), 43–65.
Lockett, L. L., Cummings, S., & Ripley, J. (2010). Competencies needed by master gardener volunteer program administrators. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 17(3), 10–20.
Lockstone, L. (2004). Managing the volunteer workforce: Flexible structures and strategies to integrate volunteers and paid workers. Ph.D. Thesis. Victoria University, Retrieved from Proquest.
Lois, J. (1999). Socialization to heroism: Individualism and collectivism in a voluntary search and rescue group. Social Psychology Quarterly, 62(2), 117–135.
Macduff, N. (1995). Volunteer and staff relations. In T. D. Connors (Ed.), Volunteer management handbook (pp. 206–221). New York: Wiley.
Macduff, N., Netting, F. E., & O’Connor, M. K. (2009). Multiple ways of coordinating volunteers with differing styles of service. Journal of Community Practice, 17(4), 400–423.
Machin, J., & Paine, A. E. (2008a). Management matters: A national survey of volunteer management capacity. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Machin, J., & Paine, A. E. (2008b). Managing for success: Volunteers’ views on their involvement and support. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Maran, D., & Soro, G. (2010). The influence of organizational culture in women participation and inclusion in voluntary organizations in Italy. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21(4), 481–496.
Martinez, T. A., & McMullin, S. L. (2004). Factors affecting decisions to volunteer in nongovernmental organizations. Environment and Behavior, 36(1), 112–126.
Mather, M. J. (2001). Women’s volunteer, non-profit sports groups: Leadership style and the training of women sport leaders. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of Connecticut, Connecticut. Retrieved from Proquest (3004847).
Mayerhofer, H. (2003). Der Stellenwert Ehrenamtlicher als Personal in Nonprofit Organisationen. In D. von Eckardstein & H.-G. Ridder (Eds.), Personalmanagement als Gestalungsaufgabe im Nonprofit und Public Management (pp. 97–118). München, Mering: Reiner Hampp Verlag.
McCudden, J. (2000). What makes a committed volunteer? Research into the factors affecting the retention of volunteers in home-start. Voluntary Action. The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research, 2(2), 59–75.
McCurley, S., & Lynch, R. (1997). Essential volunteer management. London: Directory of Social Change.
Meijs, L. C. M. P., & Brudney, J. L. (2007). Winning volunteer scenarios: The soul of a new machine. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(6), 68–79.
Meijs, L. C. M. P., & Ten Hoorn, E. M. (2008). No “one best” volunteer management and organizing: Two fundamentally different approaches. In M. Liao-Troth (Ed.), Challenges in volunteer management (pp. 29–50). Charlotte: IAP Information Age Publishing.
Merrell, J. (2000). Ambiguity: Exploring the complexity of roles and boundaries when working with volunteers in well woman clinics. Social Science and Medicine, 51(1), 93–102.
Metz, J., Roza, L., van Baren, E., Meijs, L. C. M. P., & Hoogervost, N. (2011). The unique value of volunteering for childrearing, conference paper at the European University for Voluntary Service, conference on ‘volunteer work between freedom and professionalization’, Basel, Switzerland.
Mieg, H. A., & Wehner, T. (2005). Freiwillige Arbeit: Engagement, organisation und sinnbildung im bereich frei-gemeinnütziger Arbeit. In D. Frey, L. Rosenstiel, & C. Graf Hoyos (Eds.), Wirtschaftspsychologie (pp. 101–105). Weinheim: Beltz.
Millette, V. (2005). Designing volunteers’ tasks to maximize motivation, satisfaction and performance: The impact of job characteristics on the outcomes of volunteer involvement. M.Sc. Thesis. Concordia University (Canada), Montreal. Retrieved from Proquest (MR10330).
Millette, V., & Gagne, M. (2008). Designing volunteers’ tasks to maximize motivation, satisfaction and performance: The impact of job characteristics on volunteer engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 32(1), 11–22.
Moreno-Jimenez, M. P., & Villodres, M. C. H. (2010). Prediction of burnout in volunteers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(7), 1798–1818.
Mösken, G., Dick, M., & Wehner, T. (2009). Den Arbeitsbegriff weiter denken: Zur subjektiven Wahrnehmung von Arbeitstätigkeit durch freiwillig engagierte Menschen. Zürcher Beiträge zur Psychologie der Arbeit. Eine Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Organisations- und Arbeitswissenschaften der ETH Zürich, 1(1), 1–27.
Musick, M. A., & Wilson, J. (2003). Volunteering and depression: The role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Social Science and Medicine, 56(2), 259–269.
Musick, M. A., & Wilson, J. (2008). Volunteers. A social profile. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Nelson, W. H., Pratt, C. C., Carpenter, C. E., & Walter, K. L. (1995). Factors affecting volunteer long-term care ombudsman organizational commitment and burnout. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 24(3), 213–233.
Netting, F. E., Nelson, W. H., Borders, K., & Huber, R. (2004). Volunteer and paid staff relationships: Implications for social work administration. Administration in Social Work, 28(3/4), 69–89.
Netting, F. E., O’Connor, M. K., Thomas, M. L., & Yancey, G. (2005). Mixing and phasing of roles among volunteers, staff, and participants in faith-based programs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(2), 179–205.
Newton, L. (1995). A study of attitudes and perception of volunteers in nonprofit organizations. Journal of Volunteer Administration, 13(2), 1–8.
O’Connor, R. E., Jr. (1994). Cause-driven leadership: A model for the effective management of volunteers. Ed.D. Thesis. Spalding University, Kentucky. Retrieved from Proquest (9418105).
Ostendorp, A., Ostendorp, C., & Wehner, T. (2001). Was macht den Erfolg von Freiwilligeninitiativen aus? Teil 1: Vier Beschreibungsdimensionen und ein Erfolgsfaktor. In C. Kumbruck & M. Dick (Eds.), Harburger Beiträge zur Psychologie und Soziologie der Arbeit Nr. 28. Hamburg-Harburg: TU.
Otto-Schindler, M. (1995). Berufliche und ehrenamtliche Hilfe: Perspektiven der Zusammenarbeit. Eine empirische Studie zu Bedingungen und Erfahrungen in der Sozialen Arbeit. Osnabrück: Universitätsverlag Rasch.
Pajo, K., & Lee, L. (2011). Corporate-sponsored volunteering: A work design perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(3), 467–482.
Paton, R. (1996). How are values handled in voluntary agencies? In D. Billis & M. Harris (Eds.), Voluntary agencies: Challenges of organisation and management (pp. 29–44). London: Macmillan Press.
Pearce, J. A. (1980). A volunteer worker placement model for business. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(3), 443–454.
Pearce, J. L. (1993). Volunteers. The organizational behaviour of unpaid workers. London: Routledge.
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 365–392.
Perlmutter, F. D. (1982). The professionalization of volunteer administration. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 11(2–3), 97–107.
Pettine, S. B. (2007). The relationship of leadership styles and recognition of retiring boomers as potential volunteers: A study of nonprofit administrators. Ph.D. Thesis. Capella University, Minnesota. Retrieved from Proquest (3242152).
Pierucci, J., & Noel, R. C. (1980). Duration of participation of correctional volunteers as a function of personal and situational variables. Journal of Community Psychology, 8(3), 245–250.
Piliavin, J. A., Grube, J. A., & Callero, P. L. (2002). Role as resource for action in public service. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 469–485.
Pincus, C. S., & Hermann-Keeling, E. (1982). Self-help systems and the professional as volunteer: Threat or solution? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 11(2/3), 85–96.
Preston, A. E. (2006). Volunteer resources. In D. R. Young (Ed.), Financing nonprofits: Putting theory into practice (pp. 183–204). Rowman and Littlefield: Lanham.
Puffer, S. M., & Meindl, J. R. (1992). The congruence of motives and incentives in a voluntary organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(4), 425–434.
Randle, M., & Dolnicar, S. (2009a). Does cultural background affect volunteering behavior? Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21(2), 225–247.
Randle, M., & Dolnicar, S. (2009b). Not just any volunteers: Segmenting the market to attract the high contributors. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21(3), 271–282.
Regnet, E. (2002). Alles Paletti? Volunteers und Konfliktmanagement. In D. Rosenkranz & A. Weber (Eds.), Freiwilligenarbeit: Eine Einführung in das Management von Ehrenamtlichen in der sozialen Arbeit (pp. 103–117). Weinheim: Juventa.
Rehnborg, S. J. (2007 [2003]). Investing in volunteerism: Recommendations emerging from the study of the impact of volunteers in texas state agencies. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(3), 114–123.
Rehnborg, S. J., Fallon, C. K., & Hinerfeld, B. J. (2002). Investing in volunteerism: The impact of service initiatives in selected texas state agencies. Austin: University of Texas at Austin.
Rehnborg, S. J., Sinatra, C., & Bies, A. (2010). What do we really know about nonprofits’ capacity to manage volunteers. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 17(1), 14–26.
Reifenhäuser, C., Hoffmann, S. G., & Kegel, T. (2009). Freiwilligen-Management. Augsburg: ZIEL-Verlag.
Rochester, C. (1999). One size does not fit all: Four models of involving volunteers in small voluntary organisations. Voluntary Action. The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research, 1(2), 7–20.
Rochester, C. (2006). Making sense of volunteering: A literature review. London: Volunteering England.
Rochester, C. (2007). One size does not fit all: Four models of involving volunteers in small voluntary organisations. In D. J. Smith & M. Locke (Eds.), Volunteering and the test of time: Essays for policy, organisation and research (pp. 47–59). London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Rochester, C., Paine, A. E., Howlett, S., & Zimmeck, M. (2010a). Issues of co-ordination and management: How can the activities of volunteers be best organised? In C. Rochester, A. E. Paine, S. Howlett, & M. With Zimmeck (Eds.), Volunteering and society in the 21st century (pp. 147–160). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rochester, C., Paine, A. E., Howlett, S., & Zimmeck, M. (2010b). Making sense of volunteering: Perspectives, principles and definitions. In C. Rochester, A. E. Paine, S. Howlett, & M. With Zimmeck (Eds.), Volunteering and society in the 21st century (pp. 9–23). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rogelberg, S. G., Allen, J. A., Conway, J. M., Goh, A., Currie, L., & McFarland, B. (2010). Employee experiences with volunteers. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 20(4), 423–444.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: The Free Press.
Ross, P.-S., & Tries, H. (2010). Die Kernfrage des freiwilligen Engagements ist die Gewinnung der Hauptberuflichen. Newsletter Wegweiser Bürgergesellschaft, 1–14.
Rotolo, T. (1999). Trends in voluntary association participation. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(2), 199–212.
Russell, L., & Scott, D. (1997). The impact of the contract culture on volunteers, Social Policy Research, 119(1). Retrieved from http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/impact-contract-culture-volunteers.
Safrit, D. R., & Merrill, M. V. (2007). Personal capacities for volunteer administrators: Drawing upon the past as we move into the future. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(6), 101–109.
Saxon, J. P., & Sawyer, H. W. (2010 [1984]). A systematic approach for volunteer assignment and retention. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 17(3), 55–62.
Schmid, H. (2006). Leadership styles and leadership change in human and community service organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 17(2), 179–194.
Schroer, J. (2008). Wikipedia: Auslösende und aufrechterhaltende Faktoren der freiwilligen Mitarbeit an einem Web-2.0-Projekt. Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.
Sévigny, A., Dumont, S., Cohen, S. R., & Frappier, A. (2010). Helping them live until they die: Volunteer practices in palliative home care. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(4), 734–752.
Shields, P. O. (2009). Young adult volunteers: Recruitment appeals and other marketing considerations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21(2), 139–159.
Silver, N. (1989). At the heart: The new volunteer challenge to community agencies. San Francisco: San Francisco Foundation.
Smith, D. H. (1994). Determinants of voluntary association participation and volunteering: A literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(3), 243–263.
Smith, D. J. (1996). Should volunteers be managed? In D. Billis & M. Harris (Eds.), Voluntary agencies: Challenges of organisation and management (pp. 187–199). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Smith, D. H. (2007). Beyond social capital: What next for voluntary action research? In D. J. Smith & M. Locke (Eds.), Volunteering and the test of time: Essays for policy, organisation and research (pp. 115–122). London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Smith, J. T., & Liao-Troth, M. (2009). The psychological contracts of volunteers: What we do and do not yet know. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 16(3), 12–20.
Snyder, M., Clary, E. G., & Stukas, A. A. (2000). The functional approach to volunteerism. In G. R. O. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes (pp. 365–393). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Solansky, S. T., Duchon, D., Plowman, D. A., & Martinez, P. G. (2008). On the same page: The value of paid and volunteer leaders sharing mental models in churches. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 19(2), 203–219.
Stallings, B. (2007). Training busy staff to succeed with volunteers: The 55-minute training series. Philadelphia: Energize Inc.
Starnes, B. J., & Wymer, W. W. (2000). Demographics, personality traits, roles, motivations, and attrition rates of hospice volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 7(2), 61–76.
Stedman, N. L. P. (2004). Leadership, volunteer administration and 4-h: Leadership styles and volunteer administration competence of 4-h state volunteer specialists and county faculty. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Florida, Florida. Retrieved from Proquest (3136999).
Stirling, C., Kilpatrick, S., & Orpin, P. (2011). A psychological contract perspective to the link between non-profit organizations’ management practices and volunteer sustainability. Human Resource Development International, 14(3), 321–336.
Strauss, A. L. (1998). Grundlagen qualitativer Sozialforschung: Datenanalyse und Theoriebildung in der empirischen soziologischen Forschung (2nd ed.). Auflage, München: Fink.
Sundeen, R. A. (1990). Citizens serving government: The extent and distinctiveness of volunteer participation in local public agencies. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 19(4), 329–344.
Sundeen, R. A. (1992). Differences in personal goals and attitudes among volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 21(3), 271–291.
Sweeney, C. C. (1990). Teamwork and collaboration in volunteer groups with extraordinary and ordinary outcomes. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Denver, Colorado. Retrieved from Proquest (9102129).
Tang, F. Y., Choi, E., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2010). Organizational support and volunteering benefits for older adults. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 603–612.
Tang, F. Y., Morrow-Howell, N., & Hong, S. (2009). Inclusion of diverse older populations in volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(5), 810–827.
Taylor, T., Darcy, S., Hoye, R., & Cuskelly, G. (2006). Using psychological contract theory to explore issues in effective volunteer management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(2), 123–147.
Taylor, T., Mallinson, C., & Bloch, K. (2008). “Looking for a few good women”: Volunteerism as an interaction in two organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(3), 389–410.
Tihanyi, P. (1991). Volunteers: Why they come and why they stay. London: London School of Economics.
UrbanInstitute. (2004). Volunteer management capacity in america’s charities and congregations: A briefing report. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Valente, C. F., & Manchester, L. D. (1984). Rethinking local services: Examining alternative delivery approaches. Washington, DC: International City Management Association.
van Vuuren, M., de Jong, M. D. T., & Seydel, E. R. (2008). Commitment with or without a stick of paid work: Comparison of paid and unpaid workers in a nonprofit organization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17(3), 315–326.
Vineyard, S., & McCurley, S. (2001). Best practices for volunteer programs. Downers Grove: Heritage Arts Publishing.
von Eckardstein, D., & Mayerhofer, H. (2001). Personalstrategien für Ehrenamtliche in sozialen NPOs. Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, 15(3), 225–242.
von Eckardstein, D., & Mayerhofer, H. (2003). Personalstrategien für Ehrenamtliche in sozialen NPOs. In D. von Eckardstein & H.-G. Ridder (Eds.), Personalmanagement als gestalungsaufgabe im nonprofit und public management (pp. 77–98). München, Mering: Rainer Hampp Verlag.
Wallraff, B. (2010). Professionelles Management von Ehrenamtlichen. Eine empirische Studie am Beispiel von Greenpeace Deutschland. Opladen & Farmington Hills: Budrich UniPress.
Walter, V. (1987). Volunteers and bureaucrats: Clarifying roles and creating meaning. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 16(3), 22–32.
Wanca-Thibault, M. (1993). Volunteer socialization: A descriptive-exploratory field study of a volunteer organization in a children’s hospital. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado. Retrieved from Proquest (9423551).
Waters, R. D., & Bortree, D. (2007). Measuring the volunteer–nonprofit organization relationship: An application of public relations theory. International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(6), 57–67.
Watts, A., & Edwards, P. K. (1983). Recruiting and retaining human service volunteers: An empirical analysis. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 12(3), 9–22.
Wehling, M. (1992). Personalmanagement für unbezahlte Arbeitskräfte. Bergisch Gladbach/Köln: Verlag Josef Eul.
Wehner, T., Mieg, H., & Güntert, S. (2006). Frei-gemeinnützige Arbeit: Einschätzungen und Befunde aus arbeits- und organisationspsychologischer Perspektive. In S. Mühlpfordt & P. Richter (Eds.), Ehrenamt und Erwerbsarbeit (pp. 19–39). München: Hampp.
Wehner, T., Ostendorp, C., & Ostendorp, A. (2002). Good practice?—Auf der Suche nach Erfolgsfaktoren in gemeinwohlorientierten Freiwilligeninitiativen. Arbeit, 11(1), 48–62.
Wettlaufer, A. (2009). Determinants and moderators of burnout and job satisfaction among managers of volunteers in the community support sector. M.A. Thesis. University of Guelph (Canada), Ontario. Retrieved from Proquest (MR56794).
Williams, R. F. (1987). Receptivity to persons with mental retardation: A study of volunteer interest. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 92(3), 299–303.
Williams, J. A., & Ortega, S. T. (1986). The multidimensionality of joining. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 15(4), 35–44.
Wilson, J. (2005). Some things social surveys don’t tell us about volunteering. In A. M. Omoto (Ed.), Processes of community change and social action (pp. 11–27). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Witt, D., & Sturm, H. (1998). Eigenarten der Personalwirtschaft in Verbänden. In R. G. Strachwitz (Ed.), Dritter Sektor - Dritte Kraft. Versuch einer Standortbestimmung (pp. 291–313). Stuttgart: Achims Verlag.
Wymer, W. W, Jr. (2003). Differentiating literacy volunteers: A segmentation analysis for target marketing. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(3), 267–285.
Wymer, W., Riecken, G., & Yavas, U. (1997). Determinants of volunteerism: A cross-disciplinary review and research agenda. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 4(4), 3–26.
Yeh, T. (2007). Leadership behavior, organizational trust, and organizational commitment among volunteers in taiwanese non-profit foundations. Ph.D. Thesis. University of the Incarnate Word, Texas. Retrieved from Proquest (3256157).
Zeilstra, D. (2003). Reciprocal learning in teams. New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, 2003(39), 23–52.
Zimmeck, M. (2001). The right stuff: New ways of thinking about managing volunteers. London: Institute for Volunteering Research.
Zischka, P. C., & Jones, I. (1988). Special skills and challenges in supervising volunteers. The Clinical Supervisor, 5(4), 19–30.
Zurcher, L. A. (1983). Social roles: Conformity, conflict and creativity. Beverly Hills: SAGE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Studer, S., von Schnurbein, G. Organizational Factors Affecting Volunteers: A Literature Review on Volunteer Coordination. Voluntas 24, 403–440 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9268-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9268-y