Abstract
In this study, N-(2-aminoethyl)salicylaldimine bonded silica gel was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared and C, H, N elemental analysis. The analytical conditions such as the pH and volume of the solution, flow rates of the sample solution and the type of eluent to achieve the simultaneous preconcentration of Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) were optimised using the modified silica gel loaded column using a solid phase extraction technique. Samples (50–500 ml) containing metal ions at optimal pH of 8 were passed through the column filled with the modified silica gel at 7 ml min−1 and then elution was achieved using 5 ml of 0.25 M HCl. The concentrations of metal ions in the eluates were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of matrix ions were also studied and none of the major ions interfered to the proposed method. The accuracy of the developed method was validated using a certified reference water sample (Ontario Lake water, NWTMDA-54.4). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of various natural water samples. The adsorption capacities of the modified silica gel for Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions were determined and found to be 0.332, 0.261, 0.130 and 0.375 mmol g−1, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afkhami, A., Madrakian, T., Ahmadi, R., Bagheri, H., & Tabatabaee, M. (2011). Chemically modified alumina nanoparticles for selective solid phase extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of Cd(II). Microchimica Acta, 175, 69–77.
Akl, M. A. A., Kenawy, I. M. M., & Lasheen, R. R. (2004). Organically modified silica gel and flame atomic absorption spectrometry: employment for separation and preconcentration of nine trace heavy metals for their determination in natural aqueous systems. Microchemical Journal, 78, 143–156.
Alan, M., Kara, D., & Fisher, A. (2007). Preconcentration of heavy metals and matrix elimination using silica gel chemically modified with 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Separation Science and Technology, 42, 879–895.
Altundag, H., & Dundar, M. S. (2009). Speeding up of a thallium speciation using ion exchange column system. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 18(11), 2102–2107.
Amelin, V. G., Aleshin, N. S., Abramenkova, O. I., Nikolaev, Y. N., & Lomonosov, I. A. (2011). Solid-phase fluorometric determination of Al(III), Be(II), and Ga(III) using dynamic preconcentration on reagent cellulose matrix. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 66, 709–713.
Ayata, S., Aydinci, S., Merdivan, M., Binzet, G., & Kulcu, N. (2010). Sorption of uranium using silica gel with benzoylthiourea derivatives. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 285(3), 525–529.
Baytak, S., Koçyiğit, A., & Türker, A. R. (2007). Determination of lead, iron and nickel in water and vegetable samples after preconcentration with Aspergillus niger loaded on silica gel. Clean-Soil, Air Water, 35, 607–611.
Cantle, J. E. (Ed.). (1986). Atomic absorption spectrometry (2nd ed., pp. 96–98). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cekic, S. D., Filik, H., & Apak, R. (2004). Use of an o-aminobenzoic acid-functionalized XAD-4 copolymer resin for the separation and preconcentration of heavy metals (II) ions. Analytica Chimica Acta, 505, 15–24.
Chang, X., Li, Z., Cui, Y., Zhu, X., & Zang, Z. (2008). Silica gel-immobilized-vanillin derivatives as selective solid-phase extractants for determination of chromium (III) in environmental samples by ICP-OES. Microchemical Journal, 90, 71–76.
Costa, H. H. V., Lima, G. D., Nacano, L. R., & Tarley, C. R. T. (2011). Preconcentration/cleanup studies of tin from environmental water samples by oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes packed column and its determination by ETAAS. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 217(1–4), 557–565.
Ghaedi, M., Montazerozohori, M., Marahel, F., Biareh, M. N., & Soylak, M. (2011). Preconcentration/separation of some metal ions using sodium dodecyl sulfate coated alumina modified with bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde)-2-methyl-1,5-pentane diimine (BBHBPDI) prior to their flame-AAS determination. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 29, 2141–2147.
Goswami, A., & Singh, A. K. (2002). 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone anchored on silica gel: synthesis and application as solid phase extractant for lead(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta, 58, 669–678.
Goswami, A., Singh, A. K., & Venkataramani, B. (2003). 8-Hydroxyquinoline anchored to silica gel via new moderate size linker: synthesis and applications as a metal ion collector for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Talanta, 60, 1141–1154.
Hashemi, P., Bagheri, S., & Fathi, M. R. (2005). Factorial design for optimization of experimental variables in preconcentration of copper by a chromotropic acid loaded Q-Sepharose adsorbent. Talanta, 68, 72–78.
Imamoglu, M., & Aydin, A. O. (2005). Column solid phase extraction of gold, palladium and copper at trace levels on modified silica gel for their atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 14, 940–946.
Imamoglu, M., & Gunes, V. (2008). Column solid phase extraction of copper and nickel on triethylenetetramine bonded silica gel for their atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Instrumentation Science & Technology, 36, 105–116.
Imamoglu, M., Aydin, A. O., & Dundar, M. S. (2005). Determination of gold, palladium and copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on silica gel modified with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl group. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 3, 252–262.
Kara, D. (2011). The use of chelating solid phase materials in flow injection systems: a review. Analytical Letters, 44, 457–482.
Kara, D., Fisher, A., & Hill, S. J. (2005). Preconcentration and determination of trace elements with 2,6-diacetylpyridine functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 by flow injection and atomic spectroscopy. Analyst, 130, 1518–1523.
Kara, D., Fisher, A., Hill, S.J. (2006). Comparison of some newly synthesized chemically modified Amberlite XAD-4 resins for the preconcentration and determination of trace elements by flow injection inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analyst, 1311–10.
Magalhaes-Padilha, P., Melo Gomes, L. A., Federici Padilha, C. C., Moreira, J. C., & Dias Filho, N. L. (1999). Determination of metal ions in natural waters by flame-AAS after preconcentration on a 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol modified silica gel. Analytical Letters, 32, 1807–1820.
Padmasubashini, V., & Murty, D. S. R. (2009). Studies on the solid phase extraction and preconcentration of zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, and tungsten with chitin for their determination in geological samples by ICP-AES. Atomic Spectroscopy, 30, 32–40.
Radi, S., Attayibat, A., Ramdani, A., & Bacquet, M. (2010). Surface modification of porous silica with bi-thiophene tripodal ligand and application to adsorption of toxic metal cations. Phosphorus Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements, 185, 232–241.
Rahman, I. M. M., Furusho, Y., Begum, Z. A., Sabarudin, A., Motomizu, S., Maki, T., & Hasegawa, H. (2011). Selective separation of some ecotoxic transition metal ions from aqueous solutions using immobilized macrocyclic material containing solid phase extraction system. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 9(6), 1019–1026.
Rykowska, I., & Wasiak, W. (2011). Chemically modified silica gel for selective solid-phase extraction and preconcentration of heavy metal ions. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 91(15), 1466–1476.
Sabarudin, A., Umemura, T., & Motomizu, S. (2011). Chitosan functionalized with di-2-propanolamine: its application as solid phase extractant for the determination of germanium in water samples by ICP-MS. Microchemical Journal, 99, 34–39.
Shin, E. M., & Choi, H. S. (2009). Column preconcentration and determination of cobalt (II) using silica gel loaded with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 30, 1516–1520.
Sivrikaya, S., Altundag, H., Zengin, M., & Imamoglu, M. (2011). Separation, preconcentration, and recovery of Pd(II) ions using newly modified silica gel with bis(3-aminopropyl)amine. Separation Science and Technology, 46, 2032–2040.
Yu, H. M., Song, H., & Chen, M. L. (2011). Dithizone immobilized silica gel on-line preconcentration of trace copper with detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta, 85(1), 625–630.
Zheng, H., Gao, X. Z., Song, L., Guo, H. Y., Yang, S. L., & Chang, X. J. (2011). Preconcentration of trace aluminum (III) ion using a nanometer-sized TiO(2)–silica composite modified with 4-aminophenylarsonic acid, and its determination by ICP-OES. Microchimica Acta, 175, 225–231.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Sakarya University Scientific Research Foundation (Project number: 2010-50-01-014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ozcelik, G., Imamoglu, M., Yildiz, S.Z. et al. Chemically Modified Silica Gel with N-(2-aminoethyl)-Salicylaldimine for Simultaneous Solid Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in waters. Water Air Soil Pollut 223, 5391–5399 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1288-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1288-0