Abstract
The present study describes the water quality scenario of some freshwater springs of South Kashmir during the two-year period (2013–2015) because of rising pollution risks endangering water resources globally. The accessibility to quality drinking water has become a challenge and is receiving renewed attention. A total of 96 samples from twelve springs were collected and analyzed for major drinking water quality parameters. Piper trilinear and Durov diagram depicted dominance of Ca–Mg–HCO3 hydrochemical facies and simple dissolution and mixing process. Water quality was falling in very good to excellent class and well within the desirable limits of WHO thereby indicating huge potential for meeting rising drinking water demand. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the generation of three components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) with higher eigenvalues of 3 or more (3–6) explaining 40, 21, and 17% of the overall variance in water quality data sets, respectively. The components obtained from PCA indicate that the parameters responsible for variations are mainly related to discharge, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (natural), nutrients (agriculture), and cation and anions (lithology). The results suggest that the hydrochemistry of springs is jointly controlled by lithology and anthropogenic inputs.
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Acknowledgments
The authors of this work would like to thank the Head Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, for providing laboratory facilities. Dr. N.C. Mondal from the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) Hyderabad is highly acknowledged for his support in preparation of the contour maps. This work was supported by the University of Kashmir through scholarship grant in favor of the first author. We would also like to thank wholeheartedly the four anonymous reviewers whose in-depth review, detailed, useful comments, and critical analysis have substantially improved the manuscript.
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Lone, S.A., Bhat, S.U., Hamid, A. et al. Quality assessment of springs for drinking water in the Himalaya of South Kashmir, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 2279–2300 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10513-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10513-9