Abstract
The carbonaceous content of rainwater was investigated in samples collected at an urban background site in northern India. Sampling was performed on an event basis during two seasons: pre-monsoon (PM) and monsoon (MN) season covering May–June and July–August, respectively, in 2016. The concentrations of different fractions of water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) and elemental carbon (EC) were precisely determined, and the sources of WIOC and EC were also analysed. The result revealed that the average WIOC and EC concentration in rainwater ranged from 0.4 to 52 mgC/L and from 0.1 to 15.3 mgC/L, respectively. The concentrations of WIOC and EC were found to be ~ 9 times and ~ 12 times higher, respectively, in the PM season than MN season. The WIOC/EC ratio indicated higher variation in PM season as compared to that of the MN season, suggesting divergent emission sources during the PM season. The formation of water-insoluble secondary organic carbon (WISOC) has also been identified as one of the causes for the extensive difference in the WIOC/EC ratio in different seasons. Results showed that the WIOC and its fractions were efficiently scavenged through rain. While EC and its fractions were less significantly scavenged, due to its hydrophobicity and fine size. The atmospheric scavenging coefficients of selected carbonaceous components were found significantly correlated with rain intensity (RI) during both the seasons. Higher rain intensity caused greater rates of carbonaceous component wash-out and decreasing concentrations of carbonaceous components in the rain.
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The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [Data file (ESPR)] repository.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support of the Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (https://www.ready.noaa.gov) used in this publication.
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Saurabh Sonwani’s crediT roles: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; resources; software; validation; visualization; roles/writing-original draft; writing, review & editing.
Pallavi Saxena’s crediT roles: Data curation; formal analysis; methodology; writing-review.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Figure 1:
Organic and elemental carbonaceous particles (a & b) coarser particle (a) Flake shaped organic particle (b) biological organic particle (c & d) fine particles (c) soot particle (d) char particle (DOCX 12 kb)
Supplementary Table 1.
Average meteorological variables during PM and MN seasons over study site (DOCX 2588 kb)
ESM 1
(XLSX 17 kb)
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Sonwani, S., Saxena, P. Water-insoluble carbonaceous components in rainwater over an urban background location in Northern India during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 53058–53073 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14132-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14132-w