Abstract
This study investigates distribution, pollution indices, and potential risk assessment for human health and ecology of eight heavy metals in twenty-five street dust samples collected from metropolitan area—Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Results showed that Zn was of the highest concentration (466.4 ± 236.5 mg/kg), followed by Mn (393.9 ± 93.2 mg/kg), Cu (153.7 ± 64.7 mg/kg), Cr (102.4 ± 50.5 mg/kg), Pb (49.6 ± 21.4 mg/kg), Ni (36.2 ± 15.4 mg/kg), Co (7.9 ± 1.9 mg/kg), and Cd (0.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg). The principal component analysis revealed that three sources of heavy metals measured in street dust include vehicular activities (32.38%), mixed source of vehicular and residential activities (26.72%), and mixture of industrial and natural sources (20.23%). The geo-accumulation index values showed levels of non-pollution to moderately pollution for Mn and Co; moderately pollution for Ni; moderately to strongly pollution for Cd, Cr, and Pb; and strongly pollution for Cu and Zn. The potential ecological risk values of all sampling sites were close to the high-risk category. Zn (28.9%), Cu (25.4%), and Mn (24.4%) dominantly contributed to the ecological risk. For non-carcinogenic risk, the hazard quotient values for both children and adults were within a safety level. For carcinogenic risk, the TCRChildren was about 3 times higher than TCRAdults, but still within a tolerable limit (1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4) of cancer risk. Cr was a major contribution to potential risks in humans. Such studies on heavy metal in street dust are crucial but are still limited in Vietnam/or metropolitan area in Southeast Asia. Therefore, this study can fill the information gap about heavy metal contaminated street dust in a metropolitan area of Vietnam.
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The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at [DOI].
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Acknowledgments
This work belongs to the project 2021 funded by Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam. The authors would like to thank for joint collaboration of researchers from different Universities. The authors are grateful to Mr. Hong-Thang Nguyen and Mr. Minh-Duc Nguyen for their assistance with sampling during the study. We would like to thank Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for the support of time for this study.
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Sampling, sample analysis, investigation, software, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing: NgDD and V-TN; data curation, conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing: M-HB, LSPN, X-CN; AT-KT, T-T-AN, Y-RJ, T-M-TH, D-HN, H-NB; supervision, conceived, designed the methodology, writing—review and editing: T-D-HV, X-TB, CL.
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Dat, N.D., Nguyen, VT., Vo, TDH. et al. Contamination, source attribution, and potential health risks of heavy metals in street dust of a metropolitan area in Southern Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 50405–50419 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14246-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14246-1