Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the engineering mechanical properties of granite after various heating/cooling treatments through laboratory investigation. Granite specimens were heated at different temperatures (25, 200, 400, 500, 600, and 800 °C) and cooled by two methods (natural cooling and water cooling) to investigate the change patterns of engineering mechanical properties of granite materials after heating/cooling treatments, including surface hardness, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, peak strain, and point load strength. The damage mechanisms of granite under different heating/cooling treatments were also revealed. Finally, the correlation between uniaxial compressive strength, point load strength, and surface hardness were analyzed by linear and nonlinear fitting methods. The results showed that the strength index of granite can be well evaluated by the hardness index, which has important engineering significance.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data and materials used in the manuscript are available.
Materials availability
All data and materials used in the manuscript are available.
Abbreviations
- HT:
-
Hardness test
- UCT:
-
Uniaxial compression test
- PLT:
-
Point load test
- UTT:
-
Uniaxial tensile test
- CSS:
-
Cube-shaped specimen
- SCS:
-
Short-cylindrical specimen
- LCS:
-
Long-cylindrical specimen
- IRSS:
-
Irregular-shaped specimen
- L :
-
Length of granite specimens (mm)
- W :
-
Width of granite specimens (mm)
- H :
-
Hight of granite specimens (mm)
- R c :
-
Compressive strength (MPa)
- P c :
-
Peak stress (kN)
- A :
-
Bearing area (mm2)
- E :
-
Elastic modulus (GPa)
- ε p :
-
Peak strain (%)
- V a :
-
Impact speed of ball head (m/s)
- V b :
-
Rebound speed of ball head (m/s)
- H L :
-
Leeb hardness
- I s :
-
Point load intensity index (MN/m2)
- P s :
-
Specimen load when destroyed under point load (kN)
- D :
-
Distance between two loading cones applied to specimen (mm)
References
Adebayo B, Adetula B (2013) Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of rock for drilling condition classification. World J Eng 10(4):359–366. https://doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.10.4.359
Aggistalis G, Alivizatos A, Stamoulis D et al (1996) Correlating uniaxial compressive strength with schmidt hardness, point load index, Young’s modulus, and mineralogy of gabbros and basalts (northern greece). Bull.int.assoc.engeng.geol 54(1):3–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02600693
Agustawijaya DS (2007) The uniaxial compressive strength of soft rock. Civ Eng Dimens 9(1):9–14. https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.9.1
Aoki H, Matsukura Y (2010) A new technique for non-destructive field measurement of rock-surface strength: an application of the Equotip hardness tester to weathering studies. Earth Surf Process Landf 32(12):1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1492
Azimian A, Ajalloeian R, Fatehi L (2014) An empirical correlation of uniaxial compressive strength with p-wave velocity and point load strength index on marly rocks using statistical method. Geotech Geol Eng 32(1):205–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9703-x
Baek H, Kim DH, Kim K et al (2013) Correlation between the uniaxial compressive strength and the point load strength index of the pungchon limestone, Korea. EGU General Assembly 2013 15:EGU2013-2451
Basu A, Aydin A (2006) Predicting uniaxial compressive strength by point load test: significance of cone penetration. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39(5):483–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0082-y
Basu A, Mishra DA, Roychowdhury K (2013) Rock failure modes under uniaxial compression, Brazilian, and point load tests. Bull Eng Geol Environ 72(3-4):457–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0505-4
Betts MW, Latta MA (2007) Rock surface hardness as an indication of exposure age: an archaeological application of the Schmidt hammer. Archaeometry 42(1):209–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00877.x
Brown IMGM, Stumpf RA (2015) Evaluating the hardness characteristics of hail through compressive strength measurements. J Atmos Ocean Technol preprint(11). https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0081
Chau KT, Wong RHC (1996) Uniaxial compressive strength and point load strength of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 33(2):183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)00056-9
Chen J, Wei Z (2018) Comparative analysis of rock point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength under different test methods. Chin J Geol Hazards Prev 29(05):78–83 (In Chinese)
Cobanoglu I, Celik SB (2008) Estimation of uniaxial compressive strength from point load strength, Schmidt hardness and p-wave velocity. Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(4):491–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0158-x
Domede N, Parent T, Sellier A (2018) Mechanical behaviour of granite. A compilation, analysis and correlation of data from around the world. Eur J Environ Civ Eng 23(2):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1275984
Dorner D, Röller K, Schellewald M et al (2002) Application of impression creep and micro indentation hardness tests in experimental rock deformation. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2002:2002AGUFMMR62A1062D
Duan ZF, Wang XY (2012) Study on optimal reinjection strategy of geothermal field: a case study from Tianjin, north China. Adv Mater Res 7:524–527. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.524-527.3165
Emirov SN, Ramazanova AE (2013) Experimental study of heat transfer on the borders of grains in ordered and disordered media. Bull Russ Acad Sci Phys 77(3):284–287. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873813030106
Ghosh DK, Srivastava M (1991) Point-load strength: an index for classification of rock material. Bullet Int Assoc Eng Geol - Bulletin de l'Association Internationale de Géologie de l'Ingénieur 44(1):27–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02602707
Greminger M (1982) Experimental studies of the influence of rock anisotropy on size and shape effects in point-load testing. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 19(5):241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(82)90222-4
He B, Fu Z, Wang Q et al (2014) Linear relationship test between rock point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength. Coalfield Geol Explor 2014(3):68–73 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.03.016
Heidari M, Khanlari GR, Kaveh MT et al (2011) Predicting the uniaxial compressive and tensile strengths of gypsum rock by point load testing. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(2):1131–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0196-8
Huang B, Hou K (2018) The relationship between rock point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength. China Waterway (second half month) 18(09):252–254 (In Chinese)
Huang YH, Yang SQ, Tian WL et al (2017) Physical and mechanical behavior of granite containing pre-existing holes after high temperature treatment. Arch Civ Mech Eng 17(4):912–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2017.03.007
Jabin A, Azizi D, Piri M (2012) Point load index and assessing the foliation effect on relation between it and UCS. Symp Geosci. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4737.3526
Jiao S, Jiang L (2011) Measuring rock compressive strength by point load strength test. Shandong Coal Sci Technol 2011(2):91–92 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2801.2011.02.061
Kahraman S (2001) Evaluation of simple methods for assessing the uniaxial compressive strength of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(7):981–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00039-9
Kahraman S (2014) The determination of uniaxial compressive strength from point load strength for pyroclastic rocks. Eng Geol 170:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.009
Karaca Z, Yilmaz NG, Goktan RM (2008) Comparison of averaging procedures for point load testing of rock. Geotech Test J 31(5):456–460. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ101276
Karakus M, Tutmez B (2006) Fuzzy and multiple regression modelling for evaluation of intact rock strength based on point load, Schmidt hammer and sonic velocity. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39(1):45–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-005-0050-y
Kılıç A, Teymen A (2008) Determination of mechanical properties of rocks using simple methods. Bull Eng Geol Environ 67(2):237–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0128-3
Kohno M, Maeda H (2012) Relationship between point load strength index and uniaxial compressive strength of hydrothermally altered soft rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 50(none):147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.01.011
Kui Z, Jiefang J, Mingsong L et al (2009) Experimental research and numerical simulation of acoustic emission of memory effect of rock stress under point load. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 28:2695–2702 (In Chinese)
Li A, Liu Y, Zhou M et al (2014) Study on the relationship between rock point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength. Non-ferrous Metals (mine part) 66(3):53–58 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-4172.2014.03.015
Lin J, Sha P, Wu F et al (2018) Correlation between point loading index and uniaxial compressive strength of rock-like material based on size effect. J Yangtze River Sci Res Instit 35(3):35–44 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20171091
Liu S, Xu J (2014) Mechanical properties of Qinling biotite granite after high temperature treatment. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 71:188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.07.008
Ludovico-Marques M, Chastre C, Vasconcelos G (2012) Modelling the compressive mechanical behaviour of granite and sandstone historical building stones. Constr Build Mater 28(1):372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.083
Mishra S, Khetwal A, Chakraborty T (2019) Physio-mechanical characterisation of rocks. J Test Eval 49(3):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180955
Nolter MA, Vice DH (2004) Looking back at the Centralia coal fire: a synopsis of its present status. Int J Coal Geol 59(1-2):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.12.008
Quane SL, Russell JK (2003) Rock strength as a metric of welding intensity in pyroclastic deposits. Eur J Mineral 15(5):855–864. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2003/0015-0855
Rafique U, Nasreen S (2001) Evaluation of the block punch index test with particular reference to the size effect, failure mechanism and its effectiveness in predicting rock strength. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(8):1091–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00079-X
Shafiei A, Dusseault MB (2013) Geomechanics of thermal viscous oil production in sandstones. J Pet Sci Eng 103:121–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2013.02.001
Shao SS, Ranjitha PG, Wasantha PLP et al (2015) Experimental and numerical studies on the mechanical behaviour of Australian Strathbogie granite at high temperatures: An application to geothermal energy. Geothermics 54:96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.11.005
Shen Y, Wang Y, Yang Y et al (2019) Influence of surface roughness and hydrophilicity on bonding strength of concrete-rock interface. Constr Build Mater 213:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.078
Singh TN, Kainthola A, Venkatesh A (2012) Correlation between point load index and uniaxial compressive strength for different rock types. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(2):259–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0192-z
Sirdesai N, Mahanta B, Ranjith P et al (2017) Effects of thermal treatment on physico-morphological properties of Indian fine-grained sandstone. Bull Eng Geol Environ:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1149-6
Smith AG, Pells PJN (2008) Impact of fire on tunnels in Hawkesbury sandstone. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 23(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2006.11.003
Smith HJ (1997) The point load test for weak rock in dredging applications. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 34(3-4):2950–2147483647. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(97)00063-4
Sun Q, Zhang W, Xue L et al (2015) Thermal damage pattern and thresholds of granite. Environ Earth Sci 74(3):2341–2349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4234-9
Sun Q, Lü C, Cao L et al (2016) Thermal properties of sandstone after treatment at high temperature. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 85:60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.03.006
Tan G, Li Q, Yan X et al (1999) The relationship between hardness and point load index and strength of rocks in Hong Kong. Geotech Mech 20(2):52–56. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.1999.02.011
Tang X, Wang M, Dong C et al (2017) Sensitivity analysis for shear strength of flat interface between shotcrete and granite in high temperature tunnel. Int Conf Renew Energy Environ Technol. https://doi.org/10.2991/icreet-16.2017.27
Tian H, Mei G, Jiang GS et al (2017) High-temperature influence on mechanical properties of diorite. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(6):1661–1666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1185-3
Tsiambaos G, Sabatakakis N (2004) Considerations on strength of intact sedimentary rocks. Eng Geol 72(3-4):261–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.10.001
Tsidzi KEN (1990) The influence of foliation on point load strength anisotropy of foliated rocks. Eng Geol 29(1):49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(90)90081-B
Voigt S, Tetzlaff A, Zhang J et al (2004) Integrating satellite remote sensing techniques for detection and analysis of uncontrolled coal seam fires in North China. Int J Coal Geol 59(1-2):121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.12.013
Wang H, Liu H, Zhang M et al (2013) Experimental study on calculation of the uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of granite based on the point load tests. Chin J Underground Space Eng 9(s1):1498–1501 (In Chinese)
Wand KX, Guo Q, Zhu Y (2006) Study on application of rock hardness prediction with logging data. Coal Geol Explor 34(5):68–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-5182(06)60391-0
Wang LL, Bornert M, Yang DS et al (2015) Microstructural insight into the nonlinear swelling of argillaceous rocks. Eng Geol 193:435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.05.019
Wang S, Liu J, Sun Y et al (2018a) Study on the geothermal production and reinjection mode in Xiong County. J Groundw Sci Eng 5(3):178–186. https://doi.org/10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2018.03.003
Wang ZL, Shi H, Wang JG (2018b) Mechanical behavior and damage constitutive model of granite under coupling of temperature and dynamic loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(15):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1523-0
Wei M (1989) Comparative analysis of rock point load test and uniaxial compression test. Eng Investig 1989(6):18–20 (In Chinese)
Whitehouse AE, Mulyana AAS (2004) Coal fires in Indonesia. Int J Coal Geol 59(1-2):91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.08.010
Xiong L, Wu S, Zhang S (2019) Mechanical behavior of a granite from Wuyi mountain: insights from strain-based approaches. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:719–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1617-8
Xu X, Karakus M (2018) A coupled thermo-mechanical damage model for granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 103:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.01.030
Yang T, Sun Q, Zhao F, Ge Z (2022) Mechanical behaviour and failure modes of high- temperature jointed granite based on DIC and AE Technology. Geomech Geophysics Geo-Energy Geo-Resources 8(3):86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-022-00402-5
Zeng W, Lin G (2003) Design of rock point load test methods for research of saturated uniaxial compressive rock strength. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 22(4):566–568 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0252959903000104
Zhang XP, Wu S, Afolagboye LO et al (2016a) Using the point load test to nnalyze the strength anisotropy of quartz mica schist along an exploration adit. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(5):1967–1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0792-0
Zhang WQ (2017) Study on microscopic mechanism of rockthermal damage and evolution characteristics of macro physical and mechanical properties. China University of Mining and Technology (In Chinese), Xuzhou
Zhang W, Sun Q, Hao S, Geng J (2016b) Experimental study on the variation of physical and mechanical properties of rock after high temperature treatment. Appl Therm Eng 98:1297–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng2016.01.010
Zhang W, Sun Q, Zhang Y (2019) Effects of pre-existing cracks and temperature on failure mode of granite from Eastern China. J Struct Geol 126:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.06.018
Zhang F, Zhao J, Hu D et al (2018) Laboratory investigation on physical and mechanical properties of granite after heating and water cooling treatment. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(3):677–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603017-1350-8
Zhang J, Tang Z, Liu Q (2015) Relation between point load index and uniaxial compressive strength for igneous rock. Rock Soil Mech 36:603–610 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2015.S2.084
Zhang Y, Li K (2017) The correlation between point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength of several rocks. Metal Mine 2017(2):19–23 (In Chinese)
Zhao K, Jin J, Zhao K et al (2005) Experimental study on determining uniaxial compressive strength by rock point load index. Min Res Dev 25(88):32–33 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-2763.2005.06.012
Zhao F, Sun Q, Yang D, Zhang W (2019a) Thermal effects on failure characteristics of granite with pre-existing fissures. Geotechn Res 6(4):302–311. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgere.19.00019
Zhao F, Sun Q, Pan XH (2019b) Effects of pre-existing fissures on surface macro-crack characteristics of granite subjected to elevated temperatures. Acta Geodyn Geomater 16(4):441–450. https://doi.org/10.13168/AGG.2019.0037
Zhao F, Shi ZM, Sun Q (2021) Fracture mechanics behavior of jointed granite exposed to high temperatures. Rock Mech Rock Eng 5:2183–2196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02393-3
Zhou C, Xu Y, Mu L (2015) Comparative experimental study on point load and uniaxial compression of weathered granite in Panshan area of Tianjin (in Chinese). Geotech Found 29(6):93–94
Zhu ZN, Tian H, Jiang GS, Cheng W (2018) Effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of Chinese marble. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(6):1937–1942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1426-0
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41672279).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Fei Zhao: complete the experiments of this study, process the experimental data, and write this paper. Qiang Sun: clarifying the research ideas, designing and guiding the experiment, and guiding the writing of the paper. Zhenlong Ge: completed the experiments for this study. Chen Dang: completed the experiments for this study.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, F., Sun, Q., Ge, Z. et al. Laboratory investigation on engineering mechanics properties of granite after various heating/cooling treatments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 12532–12544 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23038-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23038-0