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Experimental investigation of the face stability of shallow tunnels in sand

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Abstract

Various models have been proposed for the prediction of the necessary support pressure at the face of a shallow tunnel. To assess their quality, the collapse of a tunnel face was modelled with small-scale model tests at single gravity. The development of the failure mechanism and the support force at the face in dry sand were investigated. The observed displacement patterns show a negligible influence of overburden on the extent and evolution of the failure zone. The latter is significantly influenced, though, by the initial density of the sand: in dense sand a chimney-wedge-type collapse mechanism developed, which propagated towards the soil surface. Initially, loose sand did not show any discrete collapse mechanism. The necessary support force was neither influenced by the overburden nor the initial density. A comparison with quantitative predictions by several theoretical models showed that the measured necessary support pressure is overestimated by most of the models. Those by Vermeer/Ruse and Léca/Dormieux showed the best agreement to the measurements.

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Notes

  1. As protection measure for the load cell, the experiments for C/D > 1.0 started with an initial displacement of 0.5 mm. Therefore, the curves seem shifted to the right.

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Acknowledgments

The constructive comments by the anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Tyrolean Science Foundation under contract UNI-0404/308.

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  1. Ansgar Kirsch

    Present address: ILF Consulting Engineers, Feldkreuzstr. 3, 6063, Rum/Innsbruck, Austria

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  1. Division of Geotechnical and Tunnel Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 13, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    Ansgar Kirsch

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Kirsch, A. Experimental investigation of the face stability of shallow tunnels in sand. Acta Geotech. 5, 43–62 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-010-0110-7

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