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Thermal Spray Using a High-Frequency Pulse Detonation Combustor Operated in the Liquid-Purge Mode

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Abstract

Experiments on thermal spray by pulsed detonations at 150 Hz were conducted. Two types of pulse detonation combustors were used, one operated in the inert gas purge (GAP) mode and the other in the liquid-purge (LIP) mode. In both modes, all gases were supplied in the valveless mode. The GAP mode is free of moving components, although the explosive mixture is unavoidably diluted with the inert gas used for the purge of the hot burned gas. In the LIP mode, pure fuel-oxygen combustion can be realized, although a liquid-droplet injector must be actuated cyclically. The objective of this work was to demonstrate a higher spraying temperature in the LIP mode. First, the temperature of CoNiCrAlY particles heated by pulsed detonations was measured. As a result, the spraying temperature in the LIP mode was higher than that in the GAP mode by about 1000 K. Second, the temperature of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles, whose melting point was almost 2800 °C, heated by pulsed detonations in the LIP mode was measured. As a result, the YSZ particles were heated up to about 2500 °C. Finally, a thermal spray experiment using YSZ particles was conducted, and a coating with low porosity was successfully deposited.

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Abbreviations

a CJ :

Equilibrium sound speed of the burned gas in the Chapman-Jouguet state

a g :

Sound speed of the gas

C D :

Drag coefficient for a particle

c pg :

Specific heat of the gas at constant pressure

c s :

Specific heat of a particle

D CJ :

Chapman-Jouguet detonation speed

d DT :

Inner diameter of the detonation tube

d s :

Diameter of a particle

f :

Fanning friction factor

\(f_{{n^{\prime}}} \left( {\delta_{\text{A1}} } \right)\) :

Function of δ A1 whose form is determined by n′

H g :

Stagnation enthalpy of the burned gas

H g,a :

Enthalpy of the burned gas whose temperature is equal to that of the ambient atmosphere

k B :

Boltzmann constant

L DT :

Length of the detonation tube

L s :

Molar latent heat of fusion of the CoNiCrAlY alloy

L s,i :

Molar latent heat of fusion of pure metal i

Ma :

Mach number of a particle

M CJ :

Propagation Mach number of the Chapman-Jouguet detonation

M g :

Mach number of the gas flow

m i :

Molecular mass of species i

m s :

Mass of a particle

n′:

Parameter determined by γ 2 as n′ = (3 − γ 2)/[2(γ 2 − 1)]

Nu :

Nusselt number for a particle

p :

Pressure of the gas

p a :

Pressure of the ambient atmosphere

p CJ :

Pressure of the burned gas in the Chapman-Jouguet state

p plateau :

Gas pressure on the closed end of the detonation tube when the detonation is propagating through the detonation tube

Pr :

Prandtl number

\(\dot{Q}\) :

Heat flow to a particle

Q i :

Time-averaged flow rate of gas i

R a :

Arithmetic mean roughness of a surface

Re :

Reynolds number of a particle

Re DT :

Reynolds number of flow inside the detonation tube

R u :

Universal gas constant

t :

Time whose origin (t = 0) is the ignition timing

t 1 :

Time at which the detonation is propagating at x = −0.15 m

t 2 :

Time at which the detonation arrives at the PDC exit (x = 0)

t cyc :

Period of cyclic PDC operation

t exhaust :

Time at which the gas pressure on the closed end of the detonation tube decreases to the initial pressure

T g :

Temperature of the gas

T g,a :

Temperature of the ambient atmosphere

t plateau :

Time at which the gas pressure on the closed end of the detonation tube begins to decrease from p plateau

T s :

Temperature of a particle

u g :

Flow speed of the gas

u g,x<0 :

Flow speed of fresh explosive gas inside the PDC

u s :

Speed of a particle

υ CJ :

Specific volume of the burned gas in the Chapman-Jouguet state

W g :

Average molar mass of the burned gas in the Chapman-Jouguet state

x :

Coordinate along the central axis of the detonation tube, whose direction is from the closed end toward the exit and whose origin (x = 0) is at the exit

X i :

Mole fraction of species i

x s :

Position of a particle

Y :

Mass fraction

Y i :

Mass fraction of metallic component i in the CoNiCrAlY alloy

α :

Heat transfer coefficient for a particle

γ 1 :

Specific-heat ratio of fresh explosive gas

γ 2 :

Effective specific-heat ratio of the burned gas in the Chapman-Jouguet state

δ A1 :

Dimensionless quantity determined by M CJ, γ 1, and γ 2

Δt :

Time step in model calculation

ɛ DT :

Surface roughness of the inner wall of the detonation tube

ɛ i :

Lennard-Jones potential well depth of species i

Φ ij :

Dimensionless quantity used for the evaluation of the viscosity of the gas mixture

λ g :

Thermal conductivity of the gas

μ g :

Viscosity of the gas

μ gs :

Viscosity of the gas evaluated at the particle temperature

μ i :

Viscosity of pure species i

ρ g :

Mass density of the gas

ρ g,a :

Mass density of the burned gas whose temperature and pressure are equal to those of ambient atmosphere

ρ s :

Mass density of the CoNiCrAlY alloy

ρ s,i :

Mass density of pure metal i

σ i :

Lennard-Jones collision diameter of species i

τ jet :

Duration of the exhaust jet from the detonation tube

Ω μi :

Dimensionless quantity used for the evaluation of the viscosity of pure species i

0:

Gun exit

CJ:

Chapman-Jouguet

GAP:

Inert gas purge

LIP:

Liquid purge

PDC:

Pulse detonation combustor

PDT:

Pulse detonation technology

slm:

Standard liter per minute

SOFC:

Solid oxide fuel cell

TBC:

Thermal barrier coating

YSZ:

Yttria-stabilized zirconia

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by KAKENHI 26289323 and JKA 25-148.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

    T. Endo, R. Obayashi, T. Tajiri, K. Kimura, Y. Morohashi & T. Johzaki

  2. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    K. Matsuoka

  3. Eastern Region Industrial Research Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Fukuyama, Japan

    T. Hanafusa & S. Mizunari

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  1. T. Endo
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Endo, T., Obayashi, R., Tajiri, T. et al. Thermal Spray Using a High-Frequency Pulse Detonation Combustor Operated in the Liquid-Purge Mode. J Therm Spray Tech 25, 494–508 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-015-0354-8

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