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Hydrothermal carbonization of oil palm shell

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Abstract

Palm shell is one of the most plentiful wastes of the palm oil mill industry. This study identifies the capability of hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) to convert palm shell into high energy hydrochar. The influence of reaction time and reaction temperature of the HTC process was investigated. The process parameters selected were temperature 200 °C to 240 °C, time 10 to 60min, and water to biomass ratio was fixed at 10 : 1 by weight %. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), elemental, proximate, Burner Emmett and Teller (BET), thermo-gravimetric (TGA) analyses were performed to characterize the product and the feed. The heating value (HHV) was increased from 12.24 MJ/ kg (raw palm shell) to 22.11 MJ/kg (hydrochar produced at 240 °C and 60 min). The hydrochar yield exhibited a higher degree inverse proportionality with temperature and reaction time. Elemental analysis revealed an increase in carbon percentage and a proportional decrease in hydrogen and oxygen contents which caused higher value of HHV. The dehydration and decarboxylation reactions take place at higher temperatures during HTC resulting in the increase of carbon and decrease in oxygen values of hydrochar. The FESEM results reveal that the structure of raw palm shell was decomposed by HTC process. The pores on the surface of hydrochar increased as compared to the raw palm shell.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia

    Sabzoi Nizamuddin, Natesan Subramanian Jayakumar & Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

  2. Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P. O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam

    Jaya Narayan Sahu

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia

    Poobalan Ganesan

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, M.A Jinnah Road, Karachi, Pakistan

    Abdul Waheed Bhutto

  5. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia

    Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

Authors
  1. Sabzoi Nizamuddin
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  2. Natesan Subramanian Jayakumar
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  3. Jaya Narayan Sahu
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  4. Poobalan Ganesan
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  5. Abdul Waheed Bhutto
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  6. Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
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Correspondence to Natesan Subramanian Jayakumar.

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Nizamuddin, S., Jayakumar, N.S., Sahu, J.N. et al. Hydrothermal carbonization of oil palm shell. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 32, 1789–1797 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0376-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0376-9

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