Abstract
The south Asian megacity, Dhaka (capital of Bangladesh) encounters drastic water pollution resulting mainly from anthropogenic factors. Consumption of such polluted water distributed to residents by pipelines can trigger health risks. Therefore, this study investigated the public health vulnerability associated with dissolved metal(oid)s in tap water collected across Dhaka City. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in measured tap water ranged from 8–156, 7–73, 400–20,100, 12–110, 7–101, 12–136, 12–908, 0.03–9.75, 1–5, 0.22–1.30, and 8–118 µg/L, respectively. Among the observed elements, Pb, Cr, and Fe concentrations in 18%, 26%, and 75% of sampling sites, respectively, exceeded the standard guideline criteria of Bangladesh. Entropy-based water quality index demonstrated that ~ 12% of sampling sites possessed water unsuitable for drinking and other household works. The dominant sources of water pollution in this region are industrial effluents and domestic sewage. Both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks are invoked mostly from ingestion of water with high concentration of Co and Pb. Regular consumption of this tap water without further pretreatment may result in detrimental health consequences to both children and adults due to the physiological accumulation of toxic elements over time. This study highlighted a comprehensive scenario of the potentially toxic elements in the tap water of Dhaka City, which will allow policymakers to take adequate measures for sustainable water quality management.
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Acknowledgements
The authors also deeply acknowledge the individuals, who were kindly associated with the tap water sampling.
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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Group Research Project under grant number (R.G.P.2/33/42).
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SH and AHA: methodology, Investigation, sample collections, and preparation. RK: conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—reviewing and editing, supervision. FTA and MABS: sample analysis, data curation, and interpretation. AHANK, NS, and AMI: original draft preparation, reviewing, and editing. MA: reviewing, editing, and supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Hossain, S., Anik, A.H., Khan, R. et al. Public Health Vulnerability Due to the Exposure of Dissolved Metal(oid)s in Tap Water from a Mega City (Dhaka, Bangladesh): Source and Quality Appraisals. Expo Health 14, 713–732 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00446-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00446-0