Abstract
Surface water present in the form of lake, reservoir, river, etc. is regarded as one of the most significant sources of freshwater. As Singrauli district is dominated by the presence of opencast coal mines, thermal power plants, chemical industries, etc., therefore, these activities are posing adverse impact on the adjoining reservoir, thereby deteriorating its quality which is ultimately used by local population for their day to day consumption. Hence, the Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh was chosen for the current research since both Singrauli coalfield and Govind Ballabh Pant reservoir are situated in it. In this study, the impact of mining and other industries on the water quality of the reservoir was assessed. The analytical data of 12 physico-chemical parameters for examining the water quality index (WQI) of 60 sampling sites of the area along with the statistical analysis was taken into consideration. This study utilizes the maximum number of sampling locations as compared to the previous studies conducted in the area. In addition to it, the maximum possible number of statistical analytical techniques have also been taken into consideration. The results showcased a positive correlationship between TDS with EC, TDS with Mg2+, and HCO3- with SO42-, while the analysis through the principal component has recognized two major components constituting 70.9% of the datasets. The hydro-geo-chemical facies analysis indicated Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 as the dominant type. The succession of cations was in the order of Ca2+ > Na2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and that of the anions was HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > NO3- > F-. Evaluation of WQI concluded that 83.33% of the samples were under good category, 8.33% under excellent, and 8.33% in the poor category as per the classification. Lastly, the three clusters illustrated an amalgamation of geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Apart from this, the adoption of phytoremediation (Eichhornia crassipes and Phragmites australis) in combination with a sandstone filtration system was also performed. The phytoremediation technique has been employed for the first time in the study area through the current research. It was observed that within 15 days of treatment, there was a considerable decrease in the amount of few of the contaminants ranging from 3 to 26%. This treated water can later be used for agricultural or industrial purposes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali SA, Ali U (2018) Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in parts of Bundelkhand Massif, India. Appl Water Sci 8:39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0678-x
Alkinani M, Merkel B (2017) Hydrochemical and isotopic investigation of groundwater of Al-Batin alluvial fan aquifer, Southern Iraq. Environ Earth Sci 76:301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6623-8
APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 20th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Aravinthasamy P, Karunanidhi D, Subba Rao N et al (2020) Irrigation risk assessment of groundwater in a non-perennial river basin of South India: implication from irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and geographical information system (GIS) approaches. Arab J Geosci 13:1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06103-1
Arslan O (2013) Spatially weighted principal component analysis (PCA) method for water quality analysis. Water Res 40(3):315–324. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807813030111
Back W (1961) Techniques for mapping of hydro chemical facies, in short papers in the geological and hydrologic sciences: U.S. Geological survey professional paper 424-D, P-D380-D382
Barilari A, Londoño MQ, del Carmen Paris M, Lima ML, Massone HE (2020) Groundwater contamination from point sources. A hazard index to protect water supply wells in intermediate cities. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100363
Bhardwaj S, Soni R, Gupta SK et al (2020) Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in waters of the Singrauli coal mining and power plants industrial zone Central East India. Environ Monit Assess 192:251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8225-2
Çadraku HS (2021) Groundwater quality assessment for irrigation: case study in the Blinaja river basin, Kosovo. Civil Eng J 7(9):1515–1528. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091740
Chadli K, Boufala M (2021) Assessment of water quality using Moroccan WQI and multivariate statistics in the Sebou watershed (Morocco). Arab J Geosci 14:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06296-5
Cicchella D, Albanese S, De Vivo B, Dinelli E, Giaccio L, Lima A, Valera P (2010) Trace elements and ions in Italian bottled mineral waters: identification of anomalous values and human health related effects. J Geochem Explor 107(3):336–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.04.004
Das Kangabam R, Govindaraju M (2017) Anthropogenic activity-induced water quality degradation in the Loktak lake, a Ramsar site in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Environ Technol 40(17):2232–2241. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1378267
Egbueri JC (2020) Groundwater quality assessment using pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA): a case study. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100292
Egbueri JC, Mgbenu CN, Chukwu CN (2019) Investigating the hydrogeochemical processes and quality of water resources in Ojoto and environs using integrated classical methods. Model Earth Syst Environ 5:1443–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00613-y
Farnham IM, Johannesson KH, Singh AK, Hodge VF, Stetzenbach KJ (2003) Factor analytical approaches for evaluating groundwater trace element chemistry data. Analytica Chimica Acta 490(1–2):123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(03)00350-7
Gomes AI, Pires JC, Figueiredo SA, Boaventura RA (2014) Optimization of river water quality surveys by multivariate analysis of physicochemical, bacteriological and ecotoxicological data. Water Resour Manag 28:1345–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0547-9
Gupta M, Srivastava PK (2010) Integrating GIS and remote sensing for identification of groundwater potential zones in the hilly terrain of Pavagarh, Gujarat, India. Water Int 35(2):233–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508061003664419
Gupta P, Roy S, Mahindrakar AB (2012) Treatment of water using water hyacinth, water lettuce and vetiver grass–a review. System 49:50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10.5923/j.re.20120205.04
Habeeb NJ, Weli ST (2021) Combination of GIS with different technologies for water quality: an overview. High Tech and Innov J 2(3):262–272. https://doi.org/10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-03-10
Hengen TJ, Squillace MK, O’Sullivan AD, Stone JJ (2014) Life cycle assessment analysis of active and passive acid mine drainage treatment technologies. Resour Conserv Recycl 86:160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.01.003
Jassas H, Merkel B (2015) Assessment of hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes in Al-Khazir Gomal Basin, Northern Iraq. Environ Earth Sci 74:6647–6663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4664-4
Kaiser H (1974) An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39:31–36
Karanth KR (1987) Ground water assessment: development and management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New York
Kazi TG, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Sarfraz RA, Baiga JA, Shaha Abdul Q (2009) Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024
Ketata M, Gueddari M, Bouhlila R (2012) Use of geographical information system and water quality index to assess groundwater quality in El Khairat deep aquifer (Enfidha, Central East Tunisia). Arab J Geosci 5:1379–1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0292-9
Khan R, Jhariya DC (2017) Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system. J Geol Soc India 90:69–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0665-0
Khan I, Javed A, Khurshid S (2013) Physico-chemical analysis of surface and groundwater around Singrauli coal field, District Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ Earth Sci 68(7):1849–1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1873-y
Khan AU, Rahman HU, Ali L, Khan MI, Khan HM, Khan AU, Khan FA, Khan J, Shah LA, Haleem K, Abbas A, Ahmad I (2021) Complex linkage between watershed attributes and surface water quality: gaining insight via path analysis. Civ Eng J 7(04):701–712. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091683
Kleinmann RLP (1989) Acid mine drainage. Eng Min J 190:16I–16N
Kumar A, Krishna AP (2021) Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial technique based water quality index (WQI) approach in a coal mining region of India. Arab J Geosci 14:1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07474-9
Kumar R, Chaudhary S, Yadav S (2019) Anthropogenic influences on the hydrogeochemistry and water quality of ground water in Singrauli power belt region, central India. Int Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 85(3):637–658. https://doi.org/10.16943/ptinsa/2019/49580
Mahato MK, Singh G, Singh PK, Singh AK, Tiwari AK (2017) Assessment of mine water quality using heavy metal pollution index in a coal mining area of Damodar River Basin, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 99(1):54–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2097-3
Mahato MK, Singh PK, Singh AK, Tiwari AK (2018) Assessment of hydrogeochemical processes and mine water suitability for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes in East Bokaro Coalfield, India. Mine Water Environ 37(3):493–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0508-7
Mgbenu CN, Egbueri JC (2019) The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Appl Water Sci 9:22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0900-5
Mokarram M, Saber A, Sheykh V (2020) Effects of heavy metal contamination on river water quality due to the release of industrial effluents. J Clean Prod 277:123380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123380
Mukherjee S, Sashtri S, Gupta M, Sharma K (2007) Integrated water resource management using remote sensing and geophysical techniques: Aravali quartzite, Delhi, India. J Environ Hydrol 15:Paper 10
Ouyang Y (2005) Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis. Water Res 39:2621–2635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.024
Pandey R, Pandey SK (2012) Investigations of physico-chemical status of ground water of Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Pharm Sci Res 3(10):3823
Peat J, Barton B, Elliott E (2009) Statistics workbook for evidence-based health care. John Wiley & Sons
Piper AM (1944) A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. Trans Am Geophys Union 25:914–923
Pond GJ, Passmore ME, Borsuk FA, Reynolds L, Rose CJ (2008) Downstream effects of mountaintop coal mining: comparing biological conditions using family- and genus-level macroinvertebrate bioassessment tools. J N Am Benthol Soc 27(3):717–737. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-015.1
Prasad B, Soni AK, Vishwakarma A, Trivedi R, Singh KKK (2020) Evaluation of water quality near the Malanjhkhand copper mines, India, by use of multivariate analysis and a metal pollution index. Environ Earth Sci 79(11):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09002-6
Rai PK (2008) Phytoremediation of Hg and Cd from industrial effluents using an aquatic free floating macrophyte Azolla pinnata. Int J Phytoremed 10(5):430–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802100606
Razmkhah H, Abrishamchi A, Torkian A (2010) Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in water quality by pattern recognition techniques: a case study on JajroodRiver (Tehran, Iran). J Environ Manag 91:852–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.11.001
Saha P, Shinde O, Sarkar S (2016) Phytoremediation of industrial mines wastewater using water hyacinth. Int J Phytoremed 19(1):87–96
Sahu P, Sikdar PK (2008) Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal, India. Environ Geol 55(4):823–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1034-x
Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I (1998) Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 49:643–668
Santos F, Almeida CMR, Ribeiro I, Mucha AP (2019) Potential of constructed wetland for the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria from livestock wastewater. Ecol Eng 129:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.01.007
Shahid SU, Iqbal J (2016) Groundwater quality assessment using averaged water quality index: a case study of Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan. In IOP conference series: Earth and Environmental Science 44(4):042031. IOP Publishing
Sharma M, Kansal A, Jain S, Sharma P (2015) Application of multivariate statistical techniques in determining the spatial temporal water quality variation of Ganga and Yamuna Rivers present in Uttarakhand State, India. Water Qual Expo Health 7(4):567–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0173-7
Sheoran AS, Sheoran V, Poonia P (2008) Rehabilitation of mine degraded land by metallophytes. Min Eng J 10(3):11–16
Shepherd NL, Nairn RW (2020) Metals retention in a net alkaline mine drainage impacted stream due to the colonization of the North American Beaver (Castor canadensis). Sci Total Environ 731:139203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139203
Simeonov V, Stratis JA, Samara C, Zachariadisb G, Voutsac D, Anthemidis A, Kouimtzisc T (2003) Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Res 37:4119–4124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1
Sotomayor G, Hampel H, Vázquez, Raú F (2018) Water quality assessment with emphasis in parameter optimisation using pattern recognition methods and genetic algorithm. Water Res 130:353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.010
Stoimenova E, Mateev P, Dobreva M (2006) Outlier detection as a method for knowledge extraction from digital resources. Rev Natl Center Digital 9:1–11
Strosnider WHJ, Hugo J, Shepherd NL et al (2020) A snapshot of coal mine drainage discharge limits for conductivity, sulfate, and manganese across the developed world. Mine Water Environ 39:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00669-8
Teixeira de Souza A, Carneiro LAT, da Silva Junior OP, de Carvalho SL, Américo-Pinheiro JHP (2021) Assessment of water quality using principal component analysis: a case study of the Marrecas stream basin in Brazil. Environ Technol 42(27):4286–4295. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1754922
Tiwari AK, De Maio M, Singh PK et al (2016) Hydrogeochemical characterization and groundwater quality assessment in a coal mining area, India. Arab J Geosci 9:177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2209-5
Tiwari AK, Ghione R, De Maio M et al (2017) Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality for suitability of drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study in the Aosta Valley region, Italy. Arab J Geosci 10:264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3031-z
Upadhyay AR, Tripathi BD (2007) Principle and process of biofiltration of Cd, Cr, Co, Ni and Pb from tropical opencast coalmine effluent. Water Air Soil Pollut 180(1–4):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9264-1
US-EPA (2009). Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities, Unified Guidance (Unified Guidance). US-Environmetal Protection Agency.
Vymazal J (2007) Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Sci Total Environ 380(1-3):48–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.014
WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva
Wong MH (2003) Ecological restoration of mine degraded soils, with emphasis on metal contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 50:775–780
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, for providing financial support in form of research support grant and teaching assistantship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Broder J. Merkel
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Varshney, R., Modi, P., Sonkar, A.K. et al. Assessment of surface water quality in and around Singrauli coalfield, India and its remediation: An integrated approach of GIS, water quality index, multivariate statistics and phytoremediation. Arab J Geosci 15, 1530 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10806-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10806-y