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Valorization, Comparison and Characterization of Coconuts Waste and Cactus in a Biorefinery Context Using NaClO2–C2H4O2 and Sequential NaClO2–C2H4O2/Autohydrolysis Pretreatment

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Abstract

The search for new sources of lignocellulosic raw materials for the generation of energy and new compounds encourages the search for locations not well known and with a high potential for biomass availability as is the case of the Northeast Region of Brazil. Thus, the cactus (CAC), green coconut shell (GCS), mature coconut fibre and mature coconut shell were pretreated by NaClO2–C2H4O2 and sequential NaClO2–C2H4O2/autohydrolysis aiming at the obtention of high added-value compounds in the liquid fraction and solid phase. The yield of the solid phase was between 61.42 and 90.97% and the reduction up to 91.63% of lignin in the materials pretreated by NaClO2–C2H4O2. After NaClO2–C2H4O2/autohydrolysis pretreatment the obtained solids yield was between 43.57 and 52.08%, with a solubilization of the hemicellulose content up to 81.42%. For both pretreatments the cellulosic content remained almost unchanged. The pretreated solids were characterized by SEM, X-ray and crystallinity indexes showing significant modifications when submitted to pretreatments. These results were further confirmed by the enzymatic conversion yields of 81.68–90.03 and 86.97–90.36% of the LCMs pretreated by NaClO2–C2H4O2 and pretreated by NaClO2–C2H4O2/autohydrolysis, respectively. The resulting liquors had a total phenolic compounds content between 0.20 and 3.05 g/L, lignin recovered up to 7.40 g/L (absence of sulphur) and xylooligosaccharides between 16.13 and 20.37 g/L. Thus, these pretreatments showed an efficient fractionation of LCMs, especially in the GCS, being an important requirement for the generation of products and byproducts in the context of the biorefinery.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Brazilian research funding agencies CNPq and CAPES for financial support. Financial support from the Energy Sustainability Fund 2014-05 (CONACYT-SENER), Mexican Centre for Innovation in Bioenergy (Cemie-Bio), Cluster of Bioalcohols (Ref. 249564) is gratefully acknowledged. We also gratefully acknowledge support for this research by the Mexican Science and Technology Council (CONACYT, Mexico) for the infrastructure project - INFR201601 (Ref. 269461) and CB-2015-01 (Ref. 254808).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil

    Fabiano Avelino Gonçalves, Everaldo Silvino dos Santos & Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo

  2. Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    Fabiano Avelino Gonçalves & José A. Teixeira

  3. Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

    Héctor A. Ruiz

  4. Cluster of Bioalcohols, Mexican Centre for Innovation in Bioenergy (Cemie-Bio), Mexico City, Mexico

    Héctor A. Ruiz

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  1. Fabiano Avelino Gonçalves
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Correspondence to Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo.

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Gonçalves, F.A., Ruiz, H.A., dos Santos, E.S. et al. Valorization, Comparison and Characterization of Coconuts Waste and Cactus in a Biorefinery Context Using NaClO2–C2H4O2 and Sequential NaClO2–C2H4O2/Autohydrolysis Pretreatment. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 2249–2262 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0229-6

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