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Improvement of Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Peel Extracts by Enzymatic Treatment

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Abstract

This study demonstrated increases in the recovery of phenolic compounds from industrial waste, longan peel, after treatment with plant matrix degrading enzymes. Pretreatment of longan peel with cellulase, α-amylase, protease, or β-glucosidase enhanced total phenolic content in the extracts, leading to increases of DPPH scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, antioxidant in β-carotene/linoleate system, and ferrous ion chelating activity. In detail, cellulase increased the release of free phenolics e.g. o-coumaric acid, corilagin, and quercetin as well as the release of esterified phenolics e.g. ellagic acid, and gallic acid, while β-glucosidase increased the release of free phenolics e.g. ellagic acid. Among all enzymatic pretreatments, protease provided the highest proportion of phenolics’ recovery in the extract, while only cellulase and β-glucosidase significantly improved extraction yields by 31 and 17%, respectively. These results indicated enhancement of valorization of longan peel as a resource material for functional ingredients recovery.

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Abbreviations

DM:

Dry matter

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

TE:

Trolox equivalent

EDTAE:

EDTA equivalent

ORAC:

Oxygen radical absorbance capacity

AAC:

Antioxidant activity coefficient

CE:

Cellulase-assisted extraction

AE:

α-Amylase-assisted extraction

PE:

Protease-assisted extraction

GE:

β-Glucosidase-assisted extraction

CGE:

Cellulase and β-glucosidase-assisted extraction

AGE:

α-Amylase and β-glucosidase-assisted extraction

CAPE:

Cellulase, α-amylase and protease-assisted extraction

CAGE:

Cellulase, α-amylase and β-glucosidase-assisted extraction

CAPGE:

Cellulase, α-amylase protease and β-glucosidase-assisted extraction

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Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by “The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31871759)”and “Project of Distinguished Professor of Liaoning Province (2015-153)”. Some of the standard chemicals were kindly provided by Dr. Nuansri Rakariyatham from Nation University, Lampang, Thailand.

Funding

This work was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31871759) and Project of Distinguished Professor of Liaoning Province (2015-153).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, 116034, People’s Republic of China

    Kanyasiri Rakariyatham, Xiaoyang Liu, Dayong Zhou & Beiwei Zhu

  2. School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaoyang Liu, Zhongyuan Liu, Sufeng Wu, Dayong Zhou & Beiwei Zhu

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1B3X9, Canada

    Fereidoon Shahidi

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  1. Kanyasiri Rakariyatham
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12649_2019_723_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 156 kb) Online resource 1 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms at 270 nm of standard phenolics (A), and representative crude extracts of longan peel with and without enzymatic pretreatments (B): cellulase-assisted extraction (CE); α-amylase-assisted extraction (AE); protease-assisted extraction (PE); β-glucosidase-assisted extraction (GE). Peaks: 1, Gallic acid; 2, Chlorogenic acid; 3, Corilagin; 4, Ferulic acid; 5, Ellagic acid; 6, o-Coumaric acid; 7, Quercetin; 8, Kaempferol. Noted that ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were quantified at 330 nm (chromatogram not shown)

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Rakariyatham, K., Liu, X., Liu, Z. et al. Improvement of Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Peel Extracts by Enzymatic Treatment. Waste Biomass Valor 11, 3987–4002 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00723-9

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