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A new implementation of stacked generalisation approach for modelling arsenic concentration in multiple water sources

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Abstract

The current study proposes an effective machine learning model based on a stacked generalisation technique for predicting arsenic content in water sources (groundwater, surface water and drinking water) based on physicochemical water parameters (turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity and total suspended solids). In the proposed approach, random forest and decision trees were stacked as base regressors in the first layer. Then, extreme gradient boosting was employed as a meta-regressor in the second layer to compute the final predictions. A comprehensive assessment of the proposed approach was performed using reliable statistical metrics and diagnostic plots of the observed and predicted arsenic concentration. The results demonstrated a better generalisation performance of the proposed stacked approach as compared with the standalone models of decision trees, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, generalised regression neural network, light gradient boosting, multi-layer perceptron, multivariate adaptive regression splines and other stacked variants models. The proposed stacked approach outperformed all comparative models by achieving the lowest RMSE and MAPE of 8.041E-04 and 0.4689, respectively, and the highest NSE and R2 of 0.9778 and 0.9787, respectively. Overall, the results have indicated that the proposed stacked generalisation performance is very sensitive to the choice of base learners. The outcome of this study indicates that a stronger predictive potential of base learners could lead to higher performance of the overall stacking model. Hence, the proposed approach could be principal in predicting arsenic concentration in water sources.

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Data generated or analysed during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the technical support offered by the laboratory staffs at the University of Mines and Technology, Ghana, in regard to data analysis and acquisition. This work was performed (in part) at the Geological Engineering Department, University of Mines and Technology, Ghana.

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  1. Department of Geological Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

    B. Ibrahim, A. Ewusi & Y. Y. Ziggah

  2. Geotechnical Engineering, University of South Australia, UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5000, Australia

    I. Ahenkorah

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Ibrahim, B., Ewusi, A., Ziggah, Y.Y. et al. A new implementation of stacked generalisation approach for modelling arsenic concentration in multiple water sources. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 5035–5052 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05343-4

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