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Date Palm Biochar and Date Palm Activated Carbon as Green Adsorbent—Synthesis and Application

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The issue of improper wastewater treatment disposal from various sources is a global issue that needs immediate tackling. The increase in global population, sustainable agricultural practice, and heightened energy production demand has increased the need for clean water supply to multiple fold. It is therefore a continuous challenge to develop technique that could treat the wastewater as efficient but at a lower production cost with sustainable supply of raw materials.

Recent Findings

Apart from the extensively studied forest and forest industry residues, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) offers an exciting future as a sustainable raw material to produce biochar and/or activated carbon that can be employed as a green adsorbent in wastewater treatment application. Various carbonization and activation techniques have been reported for date palm waste biomass as well as its potential applications. Nevertheless, there are very few literatures available on the benchmarking of each date palm biomass type for its characteristics, production methods, and pollutant removal capabilities.

Summary

This review highlights some of the carbonization and activation methods available to manufacture biochar and activated carbon from date palm followed by some examples of its applications. Even though date palm biomass can be found in huge volume in date palm-growing area such as the Arab region, few reports are available on its utilization in actual industrial processes, pollutant removal from water system, for example. This review offers new insight into the conversion techniques of date palm biomass, its characterization, and evaluation of its pollutant removal capacity, among others. This work is envisaged to shed insight into a comprehensive outlook on the promising applications of date palm biomass to produce potent green adsorbents as well as its potential applications in other economic sectors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the University of Taif, Saudi Arabia, for the financial assistance to support the Ph.D studies of Mona Al Malki. Also to the Cultural Mission of Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Malaysia for the scientific materials and other supports to Mona Al Malki.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, 888, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Mona Al Malki

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia

    Mona Al Malki

  3. Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

    Abu Zahrim Yaser

  4. Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia

    Mohd. Amir Asyraf Mohd. Hamzah & Zainul Akmar Zakaria

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia

    Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

  6. Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia

    Nurzila Ab. Latif & Siti Halimah Hasmoni

Authors
  1. Mona Al Malki
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  2. Abu Zahrim Yaser
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  3. Mohd. Amir Asyraf Mohd. Hamzah
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  5. Nurzila Ab. Latif
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  7. Zainul Akmar Zakaria
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Contributions

Mona Al Malki—original manuscript draft preparation; Abu Zahrim Yasir—prepared the section “Environmental Applications of DPBio and DPAC”; Mohd. Amir Asyraf Mohd. Hamzah—prepared the section “Characterization of DPAC and DPBio”; Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini—prepared the section “Production of Date Palm Activated Carbon (DPAC) from DPBio”; Nurzila Ab. Latif—prepared the section “Environmental Applications of DPBio and DPAC”; Siti Halimah Hasmoni—prepared the section “Other Applications of Date Palm Biomass”; Zainul Akmar Zakaria—overall concept, coordination, and editing of paper, and prepared the sections “Introduction,” “Production of Date Palm Biochar (DPBio) from Date Palm Biomass,” and “Conclusion.”

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Correspondence to Zainul Akmar Zakaria.

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Al Malki, M., Yaser, A.Z., Hamzah, M.A.A.M. et al. Date Palm Biochar and Date Palm Activated Carbon as Green Adsorbent—Synthesis and Application. Curr Pollution Rep 9, 374–390 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-023-00275-6

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