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The Introduction and Consolidation of the Rule of Law in Ukraine: Domestic Hindrances at the Level of the Demand for Law

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Abstract

Ukraine’s rule of law compliance remains poor however the evaluation scale is drawn and whatever resources external donors commit to foster the rule of law in the country. This article examines the domestic hindrances to the introduction and consolidation of the rule of law in Ukraine. It argues that systemic shortcomings in the application of the rule of law in Ukraine are not only and not so much due to deficiencies in the supply of law, or the shape of laws and institutions, as they are due to deficiencies in the elite and popular demand for law, or societal attitudes to law and its ‘rule’. The findings reveal a low demand for (the rule of) law among Ukrainian political and business elites, legal professionals and the wider population and expose obstacles to meaningful legal change at the level of power structures, professional and popular social norms. The findings’ implications for future research and policy are addressed in the conclusion.

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Notes

  1. See the results of recurring surveys on the socio-demographic structure and demands of Euromaidan protesters by Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation, EuroMaidan Stats 2013. http://dif.org.ua/en/mass_media/oblictiv-v-infografici.htm, and Maidan-December and Maidan-February: what has changed. http://dif.org.ua/en/publications/press-relizy/vid-mchi-sho-zminilos.htm. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  2. The concept of critical junctures is used as developed by Capoccia and Kelemen (2007, p. 341).

  3. Hendley (2001, at p. 72).

  4. See Ajani (1995, p. 93); Aslund (1999, p. 96); Dragneva and Dimitrova (2010, p. 297); Feldbrugge (2000, p. 213); Hendley (1999, p. 89); Hendley (2001); Holmes (1999, p. 88); Pistor (1999, p. 105); Sharlet (1998, p. 59).

  5. Kubicek (2009, p. 323, at p. 339).

  6. See, for example, Allison (2012); Dietrich and Blue (2002); Danish Helsinki Committee (2012) Legal Monitoring in Ukraine IV: Does Ukraine Try to Improve the Rule of Law? Ukrainian Reactions to the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly Resolution (1862, 2012); Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Final Report: Survey on Corruption and Service Delivery in the Justice System in Ukraine; Neill and Brooke (2008); Vitvitsky (2011, p. 41).

  7. Dragneva and Wolczuk (2012, p. 217, at p. 235).

  8. Knieper (2010, p. 111, at pp. 123–124).

  9. See Hague Institute for the Internalisation of Law (2007, p. 12); Tamanaha (2007, p. 1).

  10. The relevant clauses are in Arts. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 55, 58, 62, 124, 126 and 129 of the Constitution of Ukraine.

  11. Ukraine is included in all the main assessment studies, including Freedom House’s Freedom in the World, Nations in Transit, Freedom of the Press and Freedom on the Net, Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer and Corruption Perceptions Index, World Governance Indicators by World Bank and Rule of Law Index by World Justice Project.

  12. A total of 66 countries were assessed in 2011, 97 in 2012–2013 and 99 countries in 2014. In all three reports, Ukraine was assigned to the ‘Eastern Europe & Central Asia’ region and the lower-middle income group. For Ukraine country results, see WJP Rule of Law Index 2011, at pp. 100, 143; WJP Rule of Law Index 2012–2013, at p. 148; WJP Rule of Law Index 2014, at p. 155.

  13. The list is based on a wide range of primary and secondary data on Ukraine, including Council of Europe reports, Venice Commission opinions, evaluation reports by various international actors mentioned earlier, interview data and academic articles.

  14. Chebanenko et al. (2011, at p. 40).

  15. Koziubra (2010b, p. 6, at p. 8).

  16. As of 13 December 2012, the Parliament of Ukraine had adopted 60 Legal Codes and 4885 Laws of Ukraine.

  17. Osiatynski (1996, p. 78, at p. 82).

  18. In interviews, EU and Council of Europe officials expressed their astonishment at the huge Ukrainian bureaucracy.

  19. A very large number of interviewees raised this argument.

  20. Darden (2001, p. 67); Kubicek (2009, at p. 331).

  21. Minakov (2011, p. 43, at p. 46).

  22. Taras Kuzio, Populism in Ukraine in Comparative European Context (2009, at p. 35) (conference paper). http://www.taraskuzio.net/conferences1_files/Populism_Ukraine_Paper.pdf. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  23. Chebanenko et al. (2011, p. 34).

  24. Allison (2012, at pp. 26–27); Dietrich and Blue (2002, at p. v); Hovshovsurka (2006); Puglisi (2008, p. 55).

  25. Emerson (2010, at p. 1).

  26. Hewko (2010); Jarabik and Shapovalova (2010, at p. 1).

  27. Also in Knieper (2010, at p. 125); Sharlet (1998, at pp. 59–61).

  28. Records of the Parliamentary hearings on the Constitution reveal that representatives of the communist and socialist parties categorically and repeatedly tried to change the formulation of Art. 8 towards verkhovenstvo zakonu, rejecting verkhovenstvo prava altogether.

  29. Holovatyi (2008, p. 31, at p. 35).

  30. For example, in Androshchuk (2005, p. 1); Selivanov (1997, p. 8); Shapoval (1999, p. 5).

  31. Some Ukrainian experts admitted in interviews that they personally had not.

  32. Tkachuk (2005, at p. 94).

  33. Kundelska (2006, p. 117, at p. 118).

  34. Holovatyi (2011, at p. 171).

  35. Kampo (2008, p. 1, at p. 2); Koziubra (2005, p. 3, at p. 4); Rabinovych (2006, p. 210, at p. 210).

  36. The conference was mentioned by many interviewees – Ukrainians. It was a joint effort of the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine, the National Commission on Democracy and the Rule of Law, the Ukrainian Legal Foundation and the National University ‘Kyiv-Mohyla Academy’. It resulted in a special issue of the academic journal Ukrainian Law (Vol. 2006/1).

  37. Gallie (1956, p. 167); Waldron (2002, p. 137).

  38. Androshchuk (2005); Gaivoronskyi (2003, p. 26); Holovatyi (2008); Kuznietsova (2005, p. 1); Onishchenko (2007, p. 76); Selivanov (1997).

  39. Koziubra, (2010b, at p. 7).

  40. Holovatyi (2006, pp. 1379, 1602).

  41. Averianov (2010, p. 72); Bohinich (2010, p. 99); Koziubra (2010a, p. 24, b, p. 36); Rabinovych (2010, p. 19).

  42. Burbank (1995, p. 23); Butler (1988); Collins (1982); Koziubra (2005, at p. 3); Onishchenk (2008, pp. 207–208).

  43. Koziubra (2007, at p. 4).

  44. See edited volumes on the subject: Czarnota et al. (2005); Krygier and Czarnota (1999); Sadurski et al. (2006).

  45. Holovatyi (2011, at p. 160).

  46. Koziubra (2004, p. 3, at p. 7).

  47. Burlyuk (2014, p. 133).

  48. Dmytriienko and Dmytriienko (2010, p. 297); Husariev (2009, p. 22); Loboda (2009, p. 31).

  49. Holovatyi (2008, Chapter XV).

  50. Koziubra (2008, at pp. 5–6); Tseliev (2006, at p. 52).

  51. In Yermolaiev et al. (2011b, at p. 59).

  52. Kalynovskyi (2008); Koziubra (2006, p. 3); Oliinychuk (2006, p. 1); Trebin (2011); Volkovytska (2009, p. 63).

  53. Razumkov Centre, Sociological Poll: Do You Support the Activity of the Courts in Ukraine? (recurrent, 2005–2013). http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/poll.php?poll_id=169. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  54. Razumkov Centre, Sociological Poll: Do You Support the Activity of the Prosecution in Ukraine? (recurrent, 2005–2013). http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/poll.php?poll_id=173. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  55. Razumkov Centre, Sociological Poll: Do You Support the Activity of the Police (Militia)? (recurrent, 2005–2013). http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/poll.php?poll_id=172. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  56. Koziubra (2007, at p. 7).

  57. Gorshenin Institute, Mental Bases of Choice: Annual National Social Research Program October 2006 – November 2007, 2008, at p. 14; Gorshenin Institute, Project ‘Ukrainian Statehood’: Annual National Social Research Program January-December 2008, 2009, at p. 18.

  58. Chebanenko et al. (2011, at p. 35).

  59. Razumkov Centre, Sociological Poll: To What Extent is Corruption Spread in Each of These Spheres? http://www.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=516. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  60. Holovakha and Horbachyk (2010, at p. 94).

  61. Gorshenin Institute, Project ‘Ukrainian Statehood’: Annual National Social Research Program January-December 2008, 2009, at p. 16; Gorshenin Institute, Self-portrait Ukraine 2010: Annual Program of National Social Research 2009–2010, 2010, at p. 21.

  62. Gorshenin Institute, Corruption in Ukraine. http://gorshenin.eu/researches/2_Corruption_in_Ukraine.html. 10 December 2010. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  63. Gorshenin Institute, Project ‘Ukrainian Statehood’: Annual National Social Research Program January–December 2008, 2009, at p. 16; Gorshenin Institute, Self-portrait Ukraine 2010: Annual Program of National Social Research 2009–2010, 2010, at p. 21.

  64. Razumkov Centre, Sociological Poll: Which Mechanism of Human Rights Protection is Currently the Most Effective in Ukraine? (recurrent, 2006–2009). www.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=205. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  65. Yermolaiev et al. (2011a, at p. 27).

  66. The blunt violation of human rights and the impunity of violators remained the main reason for protests throughout the Euromaidan. See the results of recurring surveys among the protesters conducted by Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation at: www.dif.org.ua/en/publications/press-relizy/vid-mchi-sho-zminilos.htm.

  67. See Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation, Maidan i Hromadianske Suspilstvo – Opytuvannia Ekspertiv [Maidan and Civil Society – An Expert Survey]. http://www.dif.org.ua/en/polls/2014_polls/maidannja-ekspertiv.htm. Accessed 18 December 2014.

  68. Gorshenin Institute, Self-portrait Ukraine 2010: Annual Program of National Social Research 2009–2010, 2010, at p. 15; Gorshenin Institute, Corruption in Ukraine. http://gorshenin.eu/researches/2_Corruption_in_Ukraine.html. 10 December 2010.

  69. Yermolaiev and Levtsun (2009, at pp. 16, 35).

  70. Gorshenin Institute, Self-portrait Ukraine 2010: Annual Program of National Social Research 2009–2010, 2010, at p. 15.

  71. Yermolaiev et al. (2011a, at p. 33).

  72. Zirk-Sadowski (2006, at p. 307).

  73. Yermolaiev et al. (2011a, at p. 34).

  74. In Yermolaiev et al. (2011b, at pp. 32–33).

  75. Pistor (1999, at p. 106).

  76. Holovakha and Horbachyk (2010, at p. 94).

  77. Yermolaiev et al. (2011b, at p. 38).

  78. Kurkchiyan (2003, at p. 28).

  79. Dinello (1999, p. 24).

  80. Yermolaiev et al. (2011b, p. 43).

  81. Khmelko (2003, at p. 6).

  82. Kurkchiyan (2003, at p. 43).

  83. Khmelko (2003, at pp. 6, 7).

  84. Tamanaha (2011, p. 209, at p. 219).

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  1. Centre for EU Studies, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Olga Burlyuk

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  1. Olga Burlyuk
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Burlyuk, O. The Introduction and Consolidation of the Rule of Law in Ukraine: Domestic Hindrances at the Level of the Demand for Law. Hague J Rule Law 7, 1–25 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-015-0001-y

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