Abstract
The water quality index was developed mathematically to evaluate the water quality of Al-Gharraf River Thi Qar, the main branch of the Tigris River in the south of Iraq. Water samples were collected twice month from two stations during 2017, and ten parameters were analyzed: total dissolved solids, the concentration of hydrogen ions (PH), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity (TUR), phosphates (SO), nitrates (NO3), chlorides (Cl), total hardness, electrical conductivity and alkalinity. The index classified the river water is poor for drinking, excluding turbidity at both stations. When turbidity was included the index classified the river water is very poor in station GT2 and poor in station GT3 for drinking purpose. The results show that the seasonal variations are negligible in both stations. The study highlights the importance of applying the water quality index which indicate the total effect of the ecological factors on surface water quality and which gave a simple interpretation of the monitoring data to help local people improving water quality.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akoteyon IS, Omotayo AO, Soladoye O, Olaoye HO (2011) Environmental pollution by heavy metals. Eur J Sci Res 54:263–271
Boateng TK, Opoku F, Acquaah SO, Akoto O (2016) Groundwater quality assessment using statistical approach and Water Quality Index in Ejisu Juaben Municipality, Ghana. Environ Earth Sci 75:489
Darradi Y, Saur E, Laplana R, Lescot JM, Kuentz V, Meyer BC (2012) Optimizing the environmental performance of agricultural activities: a case study in La Boulouze watershed. Ecol Ind 22:27–37
Debels P, Figueroa R, Urrutia R, Barra R, Niell X (2005) Evaluation of water quality in the Chilla’n River (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index. Environ Monit Assess 110:301–322
Gupta AK, Gupta SK, Patil RS (2003) A comparison of water quality indices for coastal waters. J Environ Sci Heal 38(11):2711–2725
Khalil B, Ouarda TBMJ, St-Hilaire A (2011) Water quality index for Chao Phraya river. Water quality index for Chao Phraya river. J Environ Eng 110(6):1163–117
Tang J, McDonald S, Peng X, Samadder SR, Murphy TM, Holden NM (2011) Modelling Cryptosporidium oocysts transport in small ungauged agricultural catchments. Water Res 45(12):3665–3680
Tsegaye T, Sheppard D, Islam KR, Tadesse W, Atalay A, Marzen L (2006) Development of chemical index as a measure of in-stream water quality in response to land-use and land cove changes. Water Air Soil Pollut 174(1):161–179 at ungauged sites using artificial neural networks and canonical correlation analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 405(3), 277–287
Vasanthavigar M, Srinivasamoorthy K, Vijayaragavan K, Ganthi RR, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Vasudevan S (2010) Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monitor Assess 171(1–4):595–609
Yogendra K, Puttaiah ET (2008) Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban water body in Shimoga Town, Karnataka. In: Proceedings of Taal (2007): the 12th world lake conference (vol 342, p 346)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Study of Environment.
Availability of data and material
Ministry of environment and water, Iraq.
Code availability
None.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Judran, N.H., Kumar, A. Evaluation of water quality of Al-Gharraf River using the water quality index (WQI). Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 6, 1581–1588 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00775-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00775-0