Abstract
In this paper, the effect of Y content on hot tearing properties of cast Al–Cu–Mg alloy was studied. The effect and mechanism of Y on hot tearing of cast Al–4.4Cu–1.5Mg–0.15Zr alloy were studied by analyzing the microstructure evolution, phase structure, solidification process and hot tearing sensitivity coefficient of the alloy with different Y additions, and determined the appropriate amount of Y element. The results showed that Y improves hot tearing resistance of Al–4.4Cu–1.5Mg–0.15Zr alloy by refining microstructure and reducing the solidification temperature range. The suitable amount of Y is 0.15 wt%. At this time, a certain amount of Al6Cu6Y low melting point phase is formed in the alloy, and the grain structure is the smallest, which significantly improves the hot tearing resistance of Al–4.4Cu–1.5Mg–0.15Zr alloy. The microstructure coarsening and hot tearing tendency increase with increasing Y content. The experimental results are basically consistent with the hot tearing sensitivity predicted by the Clyne–Davies model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y.P. Bai, M.M. Liu, J.P. Li, Research progress and failure analysis of aluminum matrix materials for diesel engine piston. Surf. Technol. 47(6), 161–168 (2018)
X.Z. Kai, K.L. Tian, C.M. Wang et al., Effects of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and tensile properties of the nano ZrB2/2024Al composites synthesized by direct melt reaction. J. Alloy. Compd. 668, 121–127 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.152
M.R. Nasresfahani, B. Niroumand, Effect of degassing on hot tearing tendency of A206 aluminum cast alloy. Int. J. Metalcast. 14(2), 538–546 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00378-1
S. Li, D. Apelian, K. Sadayappan, Hot tearing in cast Al alloys: mechanisms and process controls. Int. J. Metalcast. 6(3), 51–58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355533
M. Gazizov, C.D. Marioara, J. Friis et al., Precipitation behavior in an Al–Cu–Mg–Si alloy during ageing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 767(8), 138369 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138369
K. Puparattanapong, P. Pandee, S. Boontein et al., Fluidity and hot cracking susceptibility of A356 alloys with Sc additions. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 71(7), 1583–1593 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-018-1293-0
A.K. Birru, D. Karunakar, Effects of grain refinement and residual elements on hot tearing of A713 aluminium cast alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 26(7), 1783–1790 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64291-7
D.S. Bhiogade, S.M. Randiwe, A.M. Kuthe et al., Study of hot tearing in stainless steel CF3M during casting using simulation and experimental method. Int. J. Metalcast. 12(6), 1–12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0170-7
H. Kamguokamga, D. Larouche, M. Bournane et al., Hot tearing of aluminum-copper B206 alloys with iron and silicon additions. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 527(27), 7413–7423 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.025
Y.H. Cho, H.W. Kim, W. Kim et al., The effect of Ni additions on the microstructure and castability of low Si added Al casting alloys. Mater. Today Proc. 2(10), 4924–4930 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.10.058
F. D’Elia, C. Ravindran, D. Sediako, Interplay among solidification, microstructure, residual strain and hot tearing in B206 aluminum alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 624, 169–180 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.11.057
Y. Chen, Z. Liu, S. Liu et al., Effect of Cu on the hot tearing susceptibility of Al–6Zn–2.5Mg–xCu alloy. Int. J. Metalcast. 15(1), 130–140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00438-x
F. D’Elia, C. Ravindran, D. Sediako et al., Hot tearing mechanisms of B206 aluminum–copper alloy. Mater. Des. 64, 44–55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.024
T.A. Davis, L. Bichler, F. D’Elia et al., Effect of TiBor on the grain refinement and hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91D magnesium alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 759, 70–79 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.024
F. Liu, X. Zhu, S. Ji, Effects of Ni on the microstructure, hot tear and mechanical properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys under as-cast condition. J. Alloy. Compd. 821, 153458 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153458
A.M. Nabawy, A.M. Samuel, H.W. Doty et al., A review on the criteria of hot tearing susceptibility of aluminum cast alloys. Int. J. Metalcast. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00559-3
M. Uludağ, R. Çetin, D. Dispinar et al., Effect of degassing and grain refinement on hot tearing tendency in Al8Si3Cu alloy. Int. J. Metalcast. 12(3), 589–595 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0197-9
X.C. Zeng, C. Ferguson, K. Sadayappan et al., Effect of titanium levels on the hot tearing sensitivity and abnormal grain growth after T4 heat treatment of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. Int. J. Metalcast. 12(9), 457–468 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0227-2
C.C. Tao, H.J. Huang, X.G. Yuan et al., The effect of V element on the hot cracking properties of Al–4.4Cu–1.5Mg–015Zr alloy. Foundry. 69(2), 127–134 (2020)
Z.W. Chen, P. Chen, C. Ma, Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al–Cu–Mn alloy with La and Sm addition. Rare Met. 31(4), 332–335 (2012)
C.C. Tao, X.G. Yuan, J. Liu et al., Effect of La on hot cracking susceptibility of Al–Cu–Mg alloy. Mater. Res. Express 6(10), 105802 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab41c8
T.B. Guo, F. Zhang, W.W. Ding et al., Effect of micro-scale y addition on the fracture properties of Al–Cu–Mn alloy. Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 31(06), 217–227 (2018)
J. Ding, C. Cui, Y. Sun et al., Effect of Mo Zr and Y on the high-temperature properties of Al–Cu–Mn alloy. J. Mater. Res. 34(22), 1–9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.288
M. Li, H. Wang, Z. Wei et al., The effect of Y on the hot-tearing resistance of Al–5 wt% Cu based alloy. Mater. Des. 31(5), 2483–2487 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.044
T.W. Clyne, G.J. Davies, The influence of composition on solidification cracking susceptibility in binary alloy systems. Brit. Found. 74, 65–73 (1981)
A. Chojecki, I. Telejko, T. Bogacz, Influence of chemical composition on the hot tearing formation of cast steel. Theoret. Appl. Fract. Mech. 27(2), 99–105 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8442(97)89529-8
L. Bichler, C. Ravindran, New developments in assessing hot tearing in magnesium alloy castings. Mater. Des. 31(1), 17–23 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.12.003
Z. Dong, N. Liu, W. Hu et al., The effect of Y2O3 on the grain growth and densification of W matrix during low temperature sintering: experiments and modelling. Mater. Des. 181, 108080 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108080
M. Easton, D. StJohn, An analysis of the relationship between grain size, solute content, and the potency and number density of nucleant particles. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36(7), 1911–1920 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0054-y
X.B. Zhang, Research on the Thermal Cracking Tendency of Micro-Nano Particle Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites (Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 2015)
Y. Li, Q.L. Bai, J.C. Liu et al., The influences of grain size and morphology on the hot tearing susceptibility, contraction, and load behaviors of AA7050 alloy inoculated with Al–5Ti–1B master alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47(8), 4024–4037 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3543-2
S.F. Luo, G.Y. Yang, Z. Zou et al., Hot tearing susceptibility of binary Mg–Gd alloy castings and influence of grain refinement. Adv. Eng. Mater. 20, 1800139 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800139
T.A. Davis et al., Effect of TiBor on the grain refinement and hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91D magnesium alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 759, 70–79 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.129
A. Elsayed, D. Sediako, C. Ravindran, Solidification Analysis of a Magnesium–Zinc Alloy Using In-Situ Neutron Diffraction, Wiley, Hoboken (2016). ISBN: 978-3-319-48622-2
H.Z. Li, X.M. Zhang, M.A. Chen, The effect of rare earth yttrium on the structure and heat resistance of 2519 alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 23(1), 38–41 (2005). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6264.2005.01.005
T.Y. Lin, X.Y. Zhang, X. Huang, Research on the influence of Y on the structure and properties of as-cast Al–2.5%Cu alloy. Rare Earths 37(1), 80–84 (2016)
J. Han, Q.X. Dai, G.R. Li, The effect of rare earth yttrium on the as-cast structure of 7055 aluminum alloy. Mater. Eng. 4, 67–70 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4381.2009.04.016
C.S. Vidyasagar, D.B. Karunaka, Effects of yttrium addition and aging on mechanical properties of AA2024 fabricated through multi-step stir casting. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 30(2), 288–302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65213-X
H.R. Zhou, M.M. Chen, C.W. Du et al., Synthesis of intermetallic compound Al2CuMg. J. Aeronaut. Mater. 33(2), 8–10 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-5053.2013.2.007
T. Buhler, S.G. Fries, P.J. Spencer et al., A thermodynamic assessment of the Al–Cu–Mg ternary system. J. Phase Equilib. 19(4), 317–333 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1361/105497198770342058
F.G. Meng, L.G. Zhang, H.S. Liu et al., Thermodynamic optimization of the Al–Yb binary system. J. Alloy Compd. 452(2), 279–282 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.023
L.G. Zhang, P.J. Masset, X.M. Tao et al., Thermodynamic description of the Al–Cu–Y ternary system. Calphad 35(4), 574–579 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2011.09.008
A.V. Pozdniakov, R.Y. Barkov, Microstructure and materials characterization of the novel Al–Cu–Y alloy. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34(12), 1489–1496 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2018.1460536
J. Campbell, O. Freng, in Castings , 2nd edn. ISBN: 978-0-7506-4790-8 (2003)
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51875365)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tao, C., Huang, H., Yuan, X. et al. Effect of Y Element on Microstructure and Hot Tearing Sensitivity of As-Cast Al–4.4Cu–1.5Mg–0.15Zr Alloy. Inter Metalcast 16, 1010–1019 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00666-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00666-9