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Close-range Blast Response Prediction of Hollow Circular Concrete Columns with Varied Hollowness Ratio, Arrangement of Compression Steel, and Confining Stirrups’ Spacing

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Abstract

Blasts and accidental explosions are being reported more frequently than before with grievous injuries and loss of lives and damage to the structure, increasing the concern of disaster management authority officials. Structural engineers apprehend that such events may trigger progressive structural collapse leading to movable and immovable property losses and casualties, and therefore, the design of important load-carrying members such as columns is required to be improvised against blast loading. In this research work, a high-fidelity numerical model of 3000 mm long reinforced concrete (RC), 300 mm x 300 mm, solid square column provided with conventional transverse reinforcement carrying an axial working load of 950kN subjected to 82 kg-TNT explosive load at a scaled distance 1.0 m/kg1/3 is developed in ABAQUS/Explicit-v.6.15 commercial software provided with Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model with strain rate effects. The nonlinear behavior of compression steel re-bars and transverse stirrups are taken into account. Computational results corroborate the available experimental ones. To improvise the performance of the column, one solid circular RC column and hollow concrete columns (HCCs) equivalent to the solid square one with the same axial load but having circular lateral reinforcement have been considered. Available Codes of Practice guidelines for the design of reinforced cement concrete do not have any mention of the hollowness of the compression members for obvious reasons as these codes are meant not for their design against impulsive loadings (blast and impact). The effects of hollowness ratio, arrangement of the compression steel, and stirrups’ spacing are key studied design parameters in this numerical investigation. Results showed that a higher hollowness ratio with a single layer of reinforcement marginally decreases the peak displacement but produces a negative effect on the damage by exceeding its value that of the solid RC column. Configuration of the HCC column having 0.29 hollowness ratio with compression steel provided radially in two layers, more in the outer layer than in the inner one, connected with radial links and also tied with double circular transverse reinforcements at 150mm c/c exhibits the excellent blast performance in terms of peak displacement and damage. Besides, the HCC column having an angular deviation of 30 degree between the outer and inner layers of the steel bars performs better with regard to concrete crushing and cracking than that having an angular deviation of zero degree but not better than with radial links. The effect of hollowness ratio and reinforcement configuration in HCCs for the best blast performance is the novelty of this research work.

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Abbreviations

Close-in blast:

Explosion with Z ≤ 1.20 m/kg1/3

ALR:

Axial load ratio

CDP:

Concrete Damage Plasticity

C3D8R:

3-D 8-node linear brick with reduced integration and hour glass control explicit element

FEM:

Finite element modeling

T3D2:

2-Node 3-D linear truss element

HCC:

Hollow concrete column

SCC:

Solid concrete column

DDE :

Damage dissipation energy (J)

Q:

Total absorbed energy (J)

RC:

Reinforced concrete

RP1:

Reference point 1

RP2:

Reference point 2

TNT:

Trinitrotoluene

ANFO:

Ammonium nitrate/fuel oil

\(\mathrm{d}\) :

Scalar degradation variable (0–1)

\({\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{c}}\) :

Scalar damage variable for compression

\({\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{t}}\) :

Scalar damage variable for tension

\({\mathrm{E}}_{0}\) :

Initial concrete elastic modulus (MPa)

\({\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{u}}\) :

Reduced elastic modulus of the concrete (MPa)

P(t):

Blast pressure at time “t” (MPa)

PO :

Atmospheric pressure (0.10 MPa)

POP :

Peak overpressure or peak pressure (MPa)

Ps − :

Under pressure (MPa)

S:

Detonation or standoff distance (m)

WTNT :

Weight of explosive in TNT-equivalent (kg)

Z:

Scaled distance (m/kg1/3)

tA :

Blast shockwave arrival time (ms)

t1 :

Rising time (ms)

t2 :

Decreasing time (ms)

td :

Time of positive blast phase (ms)

t− :

Time of negative phase (ms)

\(\Psi\) :

Decay coefficient

\(\upvarepsilon\) :

Total strain

\({\upvarepsilon }^{\mathrm{el}}\) :

Elastic strain tensor

\({\upvarepsilon }^{\mathrm{pl}}\) :

Plastic strain tensor

\(\upsigma\) :

Stress tensor (MPa)

\(\overline{\upsigma }\) :

Effective stress (MPa)

\({\upsigma }_{\mathrm{c}}\) :

Uniaxial compressive concrete stress (MPa)

\({\upsigma }_{\mathrm{t}}\) :

Uniaxial tensile concrete stress (MPa)

\({\upsigma }_{\mathrm{cu}}\) :

Ultimate concrete compressive stress (MPa)

\({\upsigma }_{\mathrm{t}0}\) :

Initial yield stress (MPa)

εc :

Compressive strain

\({{\upvarepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}}^{\mathrm{pl},\mathrm{ h}}\) :

Equivalent compressive plastic hardening strain

\({\upvarepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}\) :

Tensile strain

\({{\upvarepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}}^{\mathrm{pl},\mathrm{ h}}\) :

Equivalent tensile plastic hardening strain

\({{\upvarepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}}^{\mathrm{in},\mathrm{ h}}\) :

In-elastic compressive strain

\({{\upvarepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}}^{\mathrm{ck},\mathrm{ h}}\) :

Cracking strain

fc :

Concrete compressive strength (30 MPa)

χ:

Hollow section ratio or hollowness ratio

ρ:

Steel reinforcement ratio or percentage steel reinforcement

\({\uprho }_{\mathrm{v}}\) :

Volumetric strain

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Delhi, New Delhi, 110 025, India

    S. M. Anas

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (West Campus), Delhi, New Delhi, 110 073, India

    Mehtab Alam

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  1. S. M. Anas
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SMA: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-3611), Writing-original-draft; MA: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing-review and editing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5761-3340).

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Anas, S.M., Alam, M. Close-range Blast Response Prediction of Hollow Circular Concrete Columns with Varied Hollowness Ratio, Arrangement of Compression Steel, and Confining Stirrups’ Spacing. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 47, 221–249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00951-5

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