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Influence of drying applications on wood, brick and concrete used as building materials: a review

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Abstract

Concrete, brick and wood are commonly used materials for building and other infrastructures. Drying is an important process involved in the production and the application of these materials. However, the application of this process leads to changes in the thermophysical properties of the materials. Therefore, this review highlights the effects of drying and the major drying defects found in wood, concrete and bricks. The major factors that influence the drying of wood, brick and concrete and the evolution of the moisture content during the application of the process were also highlighted. Understanding the drying endpoint of wood, brick and concrete as embodied in their drying kinetics will help in the choice of drying methods and drying conditions. The review showed that drying kinetics of wood and bricks are influenced by capillary pressure, mass diffusion coefficient, sorption isotherms, density, temperature, relative humidity of the drying air, vapour concentration, drying air velocity and the permeability of the materials. Models have been developed to predict the drying process of materials and most of the models are structural based and validation was done mechanistically. Visual-based models were lacking and should be developed to validate data from recent imaging techniques adopted in defects measurements in materials.

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Abbreviations

t:

Drying time (s)

T:

Drying temperature (K)

DTH :

Thermal diffusivities

DHT :

Hydric, diffusivities

ρ ρo:

Densities (kg/m3)

mo :

Anhydrous mass (g)

Sb :

Area of wood (m2)

K or \({\boldsymbol{ }{\varvec{K}}}_{{\varvec{o}}{\varvec{a}}}\) :

Global mass convective transfer

Ysat:

Saturation air humidity (%)

Ta :

Drying air temperature (K)

a0 b0; c0; p:

Constants

vair :

Drying air velocity (m/s)

e:

Board thickness used (mm)

HR:

Relative humidity of the drying air (%)

Xfsp :

Humidity of the fibre saturation point (%)

y:

Space coordinate in board width direction (m)

∆Hwv:

Latent heat of water vaporization (j/kg)

j:

Moisture flux within wood (kg/m2/s)

z:

Space coordinate in board thickness (mm)

εsh :

Drying shrinkage of the mortar phase in the surface layer of the concrete slice

A :

Area of the beams’ cross-section

fm:

Surface factor

S:

Saturation degree

u:

Porosity of concrete

Kv and Kl:

Permeability of the vapour and liquid

D(S):

Diffusivity

DT:

Non isothermal diffusion co-efficient (m2/K s)

J:

Mass flux (kg/m2s)

k:

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)

w:

Moisture

Dm:

Isothermal diffusion co-efficient (m2/s)

v:

Vapour

f:

Relative drying rate (–),

ρ:

Wood basic density (kg/m3)

φK0 :

Modified external mass-transfer coefficient (kg/m2/s)

τ:

Time (s)

surf.:

Wood surface

ha:

External heat transfer coefficient (w/m2/k)

a:

Exposed drying surface area per unit volume (m2/m3)

αR, αLs:

Factor for heat radiation and heat loss (–)

C:

Creep (strain)

\(\in\)MS:

Constant related to mechano-sorptive strain (pa)

σ:

Stress (n/m2)

Mr:

Moisture ratio

a, B:

Adjustable parameters

v:

Vapour

ε:

Void fraction in the lumber stack, strain (–)

G:

Air mass flow rate (kg/m2/s)

Cp:

Specific heat (j/kg/k)

X:

Moisture content (kg/kg)

λ:

Direction (m) or thermal conductivity of moist wood (w/m/k)

Em :

Elastic modulus of the mortar phase

n:

Unit vector normal to the drying face

Se:

Saturation at the surface of the concrete

r:

Radial distance

P:

Capillary pressure

Dv(S) Dl(S):

Diffusivity of the vapour and liquid

H:

Enthalpy

ρo :

Mass density of dry porous solid

j:

Mobile component

i:

Initial condition

l:

Liquid

x, y:

Spatial coordinates

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B.7267, Umuahia, Nigeria

    M. C. Ndukwu

  2. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada

    L. Bennamoun

  3. Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois Epinal, Épinal, France

    M. Simo-Tagne

  4. Depertment of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria

    M. I. Ibeh

  5. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria

    U. C. Abada

  6. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat-Enin, Nigeria

    I. E. Ekop

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  1. M. C. Ndukwu
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Ndukwu, M.C., Bennamoun, L., Simo-Tagne, M. et al. Influence of drying applications on wood, brick and concrete used as building materials: a review. J Build Rehabil 6, 24 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-021-00119-0

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