Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effect of non-uniform steel bar corrosion on pre-stressed RC members subjected to hysteretic load at the mid-span: experimental study and three-dimensional FEM modeling

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the chloride-rich environment, reinforced concrete (RC) structures may suffer from different types of non-uniform rebar corrosion (NURC). The effect of different types of non-uniform rebar corrosion on the cyclic behavior of RC beams under axial load has been studied here by experimental and numerical study. The structural behavior of three RC beams with the same dimensions and reinforcement configuration was examined under reversed cyclic loading. Two RC beams were subjected to different types of non-uniform rebar corrosion, and another beam was used as a sound specimen. The specimens were subjected to an axial load equivalent to 5% of the axial capacity. The obtained results revealed that cross-sectional non-uniformity leads to a notable difference in the yield strength, maximum strength, and stiffness in the positive and negative loading cycles. Nevertheless, interestingly the presence of corrosion pit did not affect the ductility of the RC beams. To predict the structural response of RC beams with different kinds of non-uniform corrosion and axial load, a numerical model was developed by extending the author’s previous numerical model for RC beams. Thereafter, the numerical model was verified with the results obtained from the experiment. The obtained results revealed that the axial loading improves the displacement capacity and load-carrying capacity of the non-uniformly corroded RC beams significantly. Finally, a parametric study was carried out to examine the effect of different crucial factors on the cyclic behavior of RC beams subjected to various non-uniform corrosion and axial load.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

There is no data associated with this research beyond what is in the manuscript itself.

References

  1. Page C. Corrosion and protection of reinforcing steel in concrete. Durability of concrete and cement composites. Cambridge: Woodhead Publ. Ltd. LLC; 2007. p. 136–86.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tuutti K. Corrosion of steel in concrete. Stockholm: Swedish Cem. Concr. Res. Institute; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Błaszczyn T. The influence of internal corrosion on the durability of concrete. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2012;12:219–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.03.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Yuan W, Guo AL. Experimental investigation on the cyclic behaviors of corroded coastal bridge piers with transfer of plastic hinge due to non-uniform corrosion. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2017;102:112–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.08.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Guo A, Li H, Ba X, Guan X, Li H. Experimental investigation on the cyclic performance of reinforced concrete piers with chloride-induced corrosion in marine environment. Eng Struct. 2015;105:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.031.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yang SY, Song XB, Jia HX, Chen X, Liu X. Experimental research on hysteretic behaviors of corroded reinforced concrete columns with different maximum amounts of corrosion of rebar. Constr Build Mater. 2016;121:319–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Rajput AS, Sharma UK. Corroded reinforced concrete columns under simulated seismic loading. Eng Struct. 2018;171:453–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chang ZQ, Xing GH, Luo DM, Liu BQ. Seismic behaviour and strength prediction of corroded RC columns subjected to cyclic loading. Mag Concr Res. 2019;72:1–19.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Goksu C, Ilki A. Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete columns with corroded deformed reinforcing bars. ACI Struct J. 2016;113:1053–64. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Vu NS, Li B. Seismic performance of flexural reinforced concrete columns with corroded reinforcement. ACI Struct J. 2018;115:1253–66. https://doi.org/10.14359/51702372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Meda A, Mostosi S, Rinaldi Z, Riva P. Experimental evaluation of the corrosion influence on the cyclic behaviour of RC columns. Eng Struct. 2014;76:112–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ma Y, Che Y, Gong J. Behavior of corrosion damaged circular reinforced concrete columns under cyclic loading. Constr Build Mater. 2012;29:548–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Luo X, Cheng J, Xiang P, Long H. Seismic behavior of corroded reinforced concrete column joints under low-cyclic repeated loading. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-020-00043-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhu W, François R. Corrosion of the reinforcement and its influence on the residual structural performance of a 26-year-old corroded RC beam. Constr Build Mater. 2014;51:461–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Matsushita R, Takahashi R, Saito N. An experimental study on bending deformation performance of the corroded reinforced concrete beams. Concr Eng Annu Proc. 2010;32:1483–8.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Castel A, François R, Arliguie G. Mechanical behaviour of corroded reinforced concrete beams—part 1: experimental study of corroded beams. Mater Struct. 2000;33:539–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ou Y, Tsai L, Chen H. Cyclic performance of large-scale corroded reinforced concrete beams. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. 2012;41:593–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ma Y, Liu Y. Effects of stirrup and inclined bar corrosion on shear behavior of RC beams. Constr Build Mater. 2015;98:537–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Biswas RK, Iwanami M, Chijiwa N, Uno K. Effect of non-uniform rebar corrosion on structural performance of RC structures: a numerical and experimental investigation. Constr Build Mater. 2020;230: 116908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Li D, Wei R, Xing F, Sui L, Zhou Y, Wang W. Influence of non-uniform corrosion of steel bars on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete columns. Constr Build Mater. 2018;167:20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Manisekar R. Effect of external post-tensioning in retrofitting of RC beams effect of external post-tensioning in retrofitting of RC beams. J Inst Eng Ser A. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-018-0312-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lee S, Shin K, Lee H. Applied sciences post-tensioning steel rod system for flexural strengthening in damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Appl Sci. 2018;8:1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101763.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sirimontree S, Teerawong J. Flexural behaviors of damaged full-scale highway bridge girder strengthened by external post tension. Am J Eng Appl Sci. 2010;3:650–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. El-Basiouny AM, Hamed B, Mohamad SA, Zoughiby EE. Experimental and numerical study on the performance of externally prestressed reinforced high strength concrete beams with openings. SN Appl Sci. 2021;3:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04023-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Suntharavadivel TG. Overview of external post-tensioning in bridges; 2005. p. 1–10.

  26. Vu NS, Yu B, Li B. Prediction of strength and drift capacity of corroded reinforced concrete columns. Constr Build Mater. 2016;115:304–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.048.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Carlo D, Meda A, Rinaldi Z. Numerical evaluation of the corrosion influence on the cyclic behaviour of RC columns. Eng Struct. 2017;153:264–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hanjari Z, Kettil P, Lundgren K. Analysis of mechanical behavior of corroded reinforced concrete structures. ACI Struct J. 2012;108:532–41.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Coronelli D, Gambarova P. Structural assessment of corroded reinforced concrete beams: modeling guidelines. J Struct Eng. 2004;130:1214–24. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1214).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Paul SC, van Zijl GPAG. Chloride-induced corrosion modelling of cracked reinforced SHCC. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2016;16:734–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2016.04.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. German M, Pamin J. FEM simulations of cracking in RC beams due to corrosion progress. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.12.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. An X, Maekawa K, Okamura H. Numerical simulation of size effect in shear strength of RC beams. J Mater Concr Struct Pavement JSCE. 1997;35:297–316. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1997.564_297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Maekawa K, Pimanmas A, Okamura H. Nonlinear mechanics of reinforced concrete. London: Spon Press; 2003. ISBN 0203302885.

  34. Toongoenthong K, Maekawa K. Simulation of coupled corrosive product formation, migration into crack and propagation in reinforced concrete sections. J Adv Concr Technol. 2005;3:253–65. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Toongoenthong K, Maekawa K. Multi-mechanical approach to structural performance assessment of corroded RC members in shear. J Adv Concr Technol. 2007;3:107–22. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Yoon S, Wang K, Weiss WJ, Shah SP. Interaction between loading, corrosion, and serviceability of reinforced concrete. ACI Struct J. 2000;97:637–44. https://doi.org/10.14359/9977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang W, Zhou B, Gu X, Dai H. Probability distribution model for cross-sectional area of corroded reinforcing steel bars. J Mater Civ Eng. 2014;26(5):822–32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Chijiwa N, Maekawa K. Thermo-hygral case-study on full scale RC building under corrosive environment and seismic actions. J Adv Concr Technol. 2015;13:465–78. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.13.465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Biswas RK, Iwanami M, Chijiwa N, Nakayama K. Numerical evaluation on the effect of steel bar corrosion on the cyclic behaviour of RC bridge piers. Mater Today Proc. 2021;44:2393–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Biswas RK, Iwanami M, Chijiwa N, Uno K. Finite element analysis of RC beams subjected to non-uniform corrosion of steel bars. In: Proceedings of the sustainable construction materials and technologies, vol. 1; 2019.

  41. Biswas RK, Iwanami M, Chijiwa N, Nakayama K. Structural assessment of the coupled influence of corrosion damage and seismic force on the cyclic behaviour of RC columns. Constr Build Mater. 2021;304:124706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kurihara R, Chijiwa N, Maekawa K. Thermo-hygral analysis on long-term natural frequency of RC buildings with different dimensions. J Adv Concr Technol. 2017;15:381–96. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.15.381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Biswas RK, Iwanami M, Chijiwa N, Saito T, Chuquitaype CM. A simplified approach to evaluate cyclic response and seismic fragility of corrosion damaged RC bridge piers. Dev Built Environ. 2022;12: 100083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2022.100083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Biswas RK, Iwanami M, Chijiwa N, Uno K. Finite element analysis of RC beams subjected to non-uniform corrosion of steel bars. In: 5th International conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies.

Download references

Funding

This research work did not receive any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technical Research Institute, Okumura Corporation, 387 Osuna, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2612, Japan

    Rajib Kumar Biswas & Takahiro Saito

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-21, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan

    Mitsuyasu Iwanami & Nobuhiro Chijiwa

Authors
  1. Rajib Kumar Biswas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mitsuyasu Iwanami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nobuhiro Chijiwa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Takahiro Saito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajib Kumar Biswas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Biswas, R.K., Iwanami, M., Chijiwa, N. et al. The effect of non-uniform steel bar corrosion on pre-stressed RC members subjected to hysteretic load at the mid-span: experimental study and three-dimensional FEM modeling. Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng 23, 163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-023-00705-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-023-00705-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation