Abstract
Horseshoe crabs Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda are distributed along the northeast coast of India extending from the extreme north of West Bengal through Orissa to the northern coast of Andhra Pradesh. High congregations of these animals are found along the breeding beaches of Orissa and West Bengal during full moon and new moon high tides. Both of these Indian species have significantly different breeding patterns particularly in relation to their habitat and laying of eggs. Although at times both the species inhabit the same body of water, C. rotundicauda selects mudflats of mangroves and T. gigas have the priority for sandy estuarine and creek zones for spawning.
Environmental conditions of horseshoe crabs along the Indian coast still remain free from any kind of pollution. Also there is no known commercial exploitation for the production of amebocyte lysate or bait. But the degradation and destruction of breeding beaches by excess human activities have been posing a serious threat. This is in turn affecting the breeding migration of adult pairs (in amplexus) to come ashore for breeding. Over time, it has been observed that the number of nests (identified by their concave shapes) following the high tide has been decreasing, indicating a decline in the number of breeding pairs on the beaches. By taking the example of the status of T. tridentatus in Japan, a concerted effort should be made both at the national and international levels to protect the breeding beaches of horseshoe crabs of the world and allow these precious guests to use the space as an incubator for their fertilized eggs as ever before to grow up to trilobites and swim freely to their nourishing grounds.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Berkson J, Shuster C (1999) The horseshoe crab: the battle for a true multiple-use resource. Fisheries 24:6–10
Botton ML (2001) The conservation of horseshoe crabs: what can we learn from the Japanese experience? In: Tanacredi JT (ed) Limulus in the Limelight. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 47–51
Botton ML, Shuster CN (2003) Horseshoe crabs in a food web: who eats whom? In: Shuster CN Jr, Barlow RB, Brockmann HJ (eds) The American Horseshoe Crab. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 133–153
Botton ML, Loveland RE, Tanacredi JT, Itow T (2006) Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in an urban estuary (Jamaica Bay, New York) and the potential for ecological restoration. Estuar Coasts 29: 820–830
Carmichael RH, Rutecki D, Valiela I (2003) Abundance and population structure of the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus in Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 246:225–239
Carmichael RH, Rutecki D, Annett B, Gaines E, Valiela I (2004) Position of horseshoe crabs in estuarine food webs: N and C stable isotopic study of foraging ranges and diet composition. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 299:231–253
Chatterji A, Vijaykumar R, Parulekar AH (1988) Growth and morphometric characteristic in the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreiile) from Canning (West Bengal), India. Pakistan J Sci Ind Res 33:352–355
Chatterji A, Parulekar AH (1992) Fecundity of the Indian horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius Rotundicauda (Latreiile). Trop Ecol 33:97–102
Chen CP, Yeh HY, Lin PF (2004) Conservation of the horseshoe crab at Kinmen, Taiwan: strategies and practices. Biodivers Conserv 13:1889–1904
Debnath R (1991) Studies on species morphology and sexual dimorphism of Indian horseshoe crabs. Gobios new Reports 10:128–131
Itow T, Mishra JK, Ahmed ATA (2004) Horseshoe crabs (King crabs) in the Bay of Bengal, South Asia. Bull Fac Edu Shizuoka Univ Nat Sci 54:13–30
Levin J, Hochstein D, Novotsky TJ (2003) Clotting cells and Limulus amoebocyte lysate: An amazing analytical tool. In: Shuster CN Jr, Barlow RB, Brockmann HJ (eds) The American Horseshoe Crab. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 310–340
Mishra JK (1991) Embryonic development and variations in the haemolymph of Indian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas (Muller). PhD Thesis. Berhampur University, Orissa, India
Mishra JK, Chatterji A, Parulekar AH (1992) A freak twin trilobite lava of the Indian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas (Muller). J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 90:115–117
Mishra JK (1994) Horseshoe crab, an amazing creature of Orissa coast. Project Swarajya Publ, Orissa, India pp 35
Morton B (1999) On turtles, dolphins and, now Asia’s horseshoe crabs. Mar Poll Bull 38:845–846
Roonwall ML (1944) Some observations on the breeding biology, and on the swelling, weight, water-content and embryonic movements in the developing, eggs, of the Moluccan king-crab, Tachypleus gigas (Muller) [Arthropoda, Xiphosura]. Proc Indian Acad Sci 20:115–129
Rudloe A (1982) Man’s influence as an environmental threat to Limulus. In: Bonaventura J, Bonaventura C, Tesh S (eds) Physiology and Biology of Horseshoe Crabs. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 297–300
Sekiguchi K, Nakamura K, Sen TK, Sugita H (1976) Morphological variation and distribution of a horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas, from the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Siam. Proc Jap Soc Syst Zool 15: 13–20
Sekiguchi K, Nakamura K, Seshimo H (1978) Morphological variation of a horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, from the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Siam. Proc Jap Soc Syst Zool 15: 24–30
Sekiguchi K, Nakamura K (1979) Ecology of the extant horseshoe crabs. In: Cohen E (ed) Biomedical Applications of the Horseshoe Crab (Limulidae), Alan R Liss, New York, pp 37–45
Sekiguchi K (1988) Biology of horseshoe crabs. In: Koichi Sekiguchi (ed) Biology of Horseshoe crabs. Science House Co., Ltd., Tokyo, pp 50–68
Widener JW, Barlow RB (1999) Decline of a horseshoe crab population on Cape Cod. Biol Bull 197: 300–302
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mishra, J.K. (2009). Horseshoe Crabs, Their Eco-biological Status Along the Northeast Coast of India and the Necessity for Ecological Conservation. In: Tanacredi, J., Botton, M., Smith, D. (eds) Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-89958-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-89959-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)