Arguing on the Toulmin Model

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-VII

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2. Introduction

   • David Hitchcock, Bart Verheij

   Pages 1-23

3. Reasoning in Theory and Practice

   • Stephen E. Toulmin

   Pages 25-29

4. A Citation-Based Reflection on Toulmin and Argument

   • Ronald P. Loui

   Pages 31-38

5. Complex Cases and Legitimation Inference: Extending the Toulmin Model to Deliberative Argument in Controversy

   • G. Thomas Goodnight

   Pages 39-48

6. A Metamathematical Extension of the Toulmin Agenda

   • Mark Weinstein

   Pages 49-69

7. Toulmin's Model of Argument and the Question of Relativism

   • Lilian Bermejo-Luque

   Pages 71-85

8. Systematizing Toulmin's Warrants: An Epistemic Approach

   • James B. Freeman

   Pages 87-101

9. Warranting Arguments, the Virtue of Verb

   • James F. Klumpp

   Pages 103-113

10. Evaluating Inferences: The Nature and Role of Warrants

    • Robert C. Pinto

    Pages 115-143

11. ‘Probably’

    • Robert H. Ennis

    Pages 145-164

12. The Voice of the Other: A Dialogico-Rhetorical Understanding of Opponent and of Toulmin's Rebuttal

    • Wouter H. Slob

    Pages 165-180

13. Evaluating Arguments Based on Toulmin's Scheme

    • Bart Verheij

    Pages 181-202

14. Good Reasoning on the Toulmin Model

    • David Hitchcock

    Pages 203-218

15. The Fluidity of Warrants: Using the Toulmin Model to Analyse Practical Discourse

    • Olaf Tans

    Pages 219-230

16. Artificial Intelligence & Law, Logic and Argument Schemes

    • Henry Prakken

    Pages 231-245

17. Multiple Warrants in Practical Reasoning

    • Christian Kock

    Pages 247-259

18. The Quest for Rationalism without Dogmas in Leibniz and Toulmin

    • Txetxu Ausín

    Pages 261-272

19. From Arguments to Decisions: Extending the Toulmin View

    • John Fox, Sanjay Modgil

    Pages 273-287

20. Using Toulmin Argumentation to Support Dispute Settlement in Discretionary Domains

    • John Zeleznikow

    Pages 289-301

Summarizing, in The Uses of Argument Toulmin emphasized a number of points that are by now familiar, but still deserve attention: 1. Reasoning and argument involve not only support for points of view, but also attack against them. 2. Reasoning can have qualified conclusions. 3. There are other good types of argument than those of standard formal logic. 4. Unstated assumptions linking premisses to a conclusion are better thought of as inference licenses than as implicit premisses. 5. Standards of reasoning can be field dependent, and can be themselves the subject of argumentation. Each of these points is illustrated by his layout of arguments. The rebuttal illustrates the first point, the qualifier the second point, and the warrant and backing the last three points. 2. RECEPTION OF TOULMIN’S BOOK As Toulmin himself notes in his essay in this volume, which was delivered as an address in 2005, his fellow philosophers we re initially hostile to the ideas in his book. They were taken up, however, by specialists in fields like jurisprudence and psychology, who found that they fit the form s of argument and reasoning that they were studying. And Toulmin’s model was embraced by the field of speech communication in the United States, whose textbooks on argumentation now include an obligatory chapter on the Toulmin model of micro arguments.

• Extension
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• artificial intelligence
• communication
• formal logic
• idea
• intelligence
• knowledge
• logic
• reason

• Department of Philosophy, Mc Master University, Hamilton, Canada

  David Hitchcock

• Artificial Intelligence, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

  Bart Verheij

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