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2011 | Buch

Nano-Bio-Sensing

herausgegeben von: Sandro Carrara

Verlag: Springer New York

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Über dieses Buch

The application of circuits and systems and engineering principles to problems in the medicine has led to the emergence of biomedical circuits and systems as an exciting and rapidly growing area of research. Nanotechnology provides new nano-structured materials with amazing properties. The properties offered by nanomaterials can be applied to develop advanced instrumentation for biomedical diagnostics and personalized therapy, as well as bio-sensing in the environment. Biotechnology provides new biochemical materials with novel properties to be applied to develop new performances in sensing techniques. These advancements in Nano- and Bio- technologies will lead to new concepts and applications for nano-bio-sensing systems. This book offers an invaluable reference to the state-of-the-art applications of nano-bio-sensing. It brings together expertise of researchers from the fields of nano-electronics and bio-technology, providing multidisciplinary content from nano-structures fabrication to bio-sensing applications.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Nano-Biosensing
Abstract
Although Richard Philip Feynman envisaged nanotechnology in his famous lecture held at California Institute of Technology in 1959 [1], modern nanotechnology started when Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rorer invented the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at the IBM laboratory in Zurich, in the early 1980s [2]. The importance of this invention was immediately recognized and they became Nobel laureates a few years later, in 1986.
Sandro Carrara
Chapter 2. Nano-scale Force Spectroscopy Applied to Biological Samples
Abstract
This chapter covers the field of AFM-based force spectroscopy (FS) as applied to biological samples ranging from single molecules up to cells. After a brief introduction to atomic force microscopy and to the basic physical phenomena that are involved in FS measurements, we describe some FS experiments that have been conducted using biological systems of increasing complexities. Several experiments describing FS analysis of DNA, proteins, polysaccharides, and whole cells are successively presented.
Sandor Kasas, Charles Roduit, Giovanni Dietler
Chapter 3. Surface Nano-patterning of Polymers for Mass-Sensitive Biodetection
Abstract
The crafting of sensor material of desired features has always remained a challenging task in the field of material designing and predominantly becomes more interesting when analyte belongs to biospecies. Label-free detection of different bioanalytes such as enzymes, viruses, microorganisms, and blood groups through mass-sensitive transducers has gained considerable importance in the development of modern biosensors. Analyte molecules interact with the surface of sensitive layer coated on these devices and as a result of this interaction, the frequency change is determined, which provides quantitative information about the mass of analyte. One of the most vital elements of these detection systems is to design selective sensor coatings through control surface structuring at nanoscale. Molecular imprinting has proven to be a highly suitable technique to generate selective surfaces that are capable of detecting different analytes, quantitatively and qualitatively as well. The tailor-made synthetic antibody cavities are rigid and stable, which are not immediately collapsed upon analyte interaction; moreover, the different bioanalytes do not undergo any phase change and maintain their original identity during analysis. This chapter will discuss the contribution of imprinting methods to design optimized surfaces for mass-sensitive detection of diverse biological species.
Adnan Mujahid, Franz L. Dickert
Chapter 4. Surface Plasmon Resonance on Nanoscale Organic Films
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has evolved into a very versatile detection method, particularly in bioscience applications. Not only the scientific literature has greatly expanded, but also the various commercial vendors of instrumentation, detection chips, and reagents have emerged. In the scientific sphere, the accent lies more and more on fabrication of nanostructures with interesting optical behavior (plasmonics), while in the R&D area, there are many new miniaturization efforts and combination with other detection methods, such as electrochemistry and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The present chapter will focus on the latest developments in making functional biochemical coatings for SPR detection as well as will review the basic theory behind the detection techniques.
Willem M. Albers, Inger Vikholm-Lundin
Chapter 5. Nanotechnology to Improve Electrochemical Bio-sensing
Abstract
In his famous lecture on nanotechnology held at California Institute of Technology in 1959, Richard Phillip Feynman said that “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it. A biological system can be exceedingly small. Many of the cells are very tiny, but they are very active.” Accordingly, nanotechnology seems to have a special relationship with biology. Modern nanotechnology applied to biology may recover a such special link. Nanotechnology plays out at the same scale as biological molecules and, thus, it provides new opportunities to operate on biological systems. This means we can improve the characteristics of materials by involving biological molecules with control at the nanoscale. Thinking about fully electronic sensing on biological systems, this opens up the new branch of electrochemical nano-biosensing.
Sandro Carrara
Chapter 6. Nano-Photonics and Opto-Fluidics on Bio-Sensing
Abstract
Optofluidics is the integration of optical and microfluidic systems to achieve novel functionalities. An important ability of optofluidics is the manipulation, assembly, and patterning of objects of interest in a microfluidic environment. Recent advances in nanophotonics have introduced exciting methods for biological and chemical sensing with single molecule sensitivities. Therefore, the integration of nanophotonic sensors with optofluidic manipulation platforms is essential for sensing and monitoring of single cells and other biomaterials. In recent years, optoelectronic tweezers (OET) have emerged as a powerful technique for the manipulation of micro and nanoscopic particles. Here, we will present the capabilities of OET optofluidic platform for parallel manipulation of single cells and large-scale patterning of nanophotonic sensors.
Ming C. Wu, Arash Jamshidi
Chapter 7. Nano-metric Single-Photon Detector for Biochemical Chips
Abstract
We present a family of single-photon detectors integrated in standard CMOS processes. The devices are designed by means of standard masks but using unconventional geometries. This is necessary to accommodate the high electric fields involved. Single-photon detection, combined with fast electronics for counting and time-of-arrival evaluation, is useful in a number of applications requiring photon counting and time-resolved imaging. In this chapter, we focus on applications involving molecular imaging techniques that can be assisted by single-photon detection. The current trend is to migrate the designs with nanometric feature sizes and to push integration to new heights, so as to enable placing more functionality and more processing on pixel and chip. Examples of these new trends are given in the context of industrial and bio-applications.
Edoardo Charbon, Yuki Maruyama
Chapter 8. Energy Harvesting for Bio-sensing by Using Carbon Nanotubes
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe how single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be used to develop a solar energy-based energy harvester to support various pervasive applications. To achieve this, we utilize the remarkable band-gap tunability property of SWCNTs that originates due to variations in its diameter and chirality during the synthesis process. After a brief introduction to the electronic property of CNT, we show how the band-gap tunability can be quantified through step-by-step theoretical analysis. Next, the resulting band-gap tunability is compared with the solar spectrum. Finally, a conceptual potentially high solar cell structure is described exploiting this band-gap tunability of SWCNT.
Koushik Maharatna, Karim El Shabrawy, Bashir Al-Hashimi
Chapter 9. Integrated Nano-Bio-VLSI Approach for Designing Error-Free Biosensors
Abstract
The field of nano-biosensors and nano-bioelectronics presents many opportunities as well as challenges. One of the challenges in nano-biosensors is its susceptibility to device and biomolecular artifacts which severely degrades its reliability. In this regard, a bio-silicon integration offers a unique opportunity for designing ultra-reliable biosensors where high degree of sensitivity and specificity offered by biomolecules (antibodies, aptamers, or enzymes) could be exploited in conjunction with high computational reliability offered by silicon circuits. At the core of this integration is a forward error correction (FEC) technique which exploits synthetic redundancy at the biomolecular level to correct for random and systematic errors. In this chapter, we first present the fundamentals behind FEC biosensors followed by an integrated nano-bio-VLSI design flow which is used for designing FEC biosensors. Each of the key concepts of this design flow is illustrated for a model immunoassay which uses antibodies labeled with conductive polyaniline nanowires for biomolecular encoding.
Shantanu Chakrabartty, Evangelyn C. Alocilja, Yang Liu
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Nano-Bio-Sensing
herausgegeben von
Sandro Carrara
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer New York
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4419-6169-3
Print ISBN
978-1-4419-6168-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6169-3

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