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1996 | Buch

The Foundations of Human-centred Systems Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Human Machine Symbiosis

The Foundations of Human-centred Systems Design

herausgegeben von: Karamjit S. Gill, BA (Hons), MA, MSc, Dphil

Verlag: Springer London

Buchreihe : Artificial Intelligence and Society

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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There is now a serious discussion taking place about the moment at which human beings will be surpassed and replaced by the machine. On the one hand we are designing machines which embed more and more human intelligence, but at the same time we are in danger of becoming more and more like machines. In these circumstances, we all need to consider: • What can we do? • What should we do? • What are the alternatives of doing it? This book is about the human-centred alternative of designing systems and technologies. This alternative is rooted in the European tradition of human-centredness which emphasises the symbiosis of human capabilities and machine capacity. The human-centred tra­ dition celebrates the diversity of human skill and ingenuity and provides an alternative to the 'mechanistic' paradigm of 'one best way', the 'sameness of science' and the 'dream of the exact language'. This alternative vision has its origin in the founding European human-centred movements of the 1970s. These include the British movement of Socially Useful Technology, the Scandinavian move­ ment of Democratic Participation, and the German movement of Humanisation of Work and Technology. The present volume brings together various strands of human-centred systems philosophy which span the conceptual richness and cultural diversity of the human-centred movements. The core ideas of human-centredness include human-machine symbiosis, the tacit dimension of knowl­ edge, the system as a tool rather than a machine, dialogue, partici­ pation, social shaping and usability.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Foundations of Human-centred Systems
Abstract
What role could and should science and technology research play in meeting new challenges of social vulnerability, environmental and ecological risk, the brittleness of economic, industrial and political orthodoxies, and an increasing dependency on technological systems? These challenges are products of a science and technology rooted in the ‘mechanistic’ paradigm of the ‘one best way’, ‘sameness of science’, and the ‘dream of the exact language’. The human-centred tradition moderates science and technology by mitigating the mechanistic paradigm through concepts such as human purpose, diversity, participation, social responsibility, equality, ethics, creativity and ecology and the environment. It provides theoretical and methodological frameworks for the social and cultural shaping of technologies emphasising human-machine symbiosis, creativity and innovation, participatory and cooperative design, and the tacit dimension of knowledge. These issues are very much part of the human-centred debates whose origins lie in the European human-centred movements of the 1970s, in particular the British LUCAS Plan of socially useful technology, the Scandinavian tradition of participatory democracy, and the German programme on humanisation of work. These debates converged and were consolidated in the European Commission programme on anthropocentric systems (APS) in the 1980s.
Karamjit S. Gill
Chapter 2. On Human-Machine Symbiosis
Abstract
Firstly, human-centredness asserts that we must always put people before machines, however complex or elegant the machine might be. Secondly, it marvels and delights at the ability and ingenuity of human beings. It offers an insight into the way we work, and through our work the way we relate to each other and to nature. It is intended to highlight some of the problems associated with our top-heavy political structures and their total inability to respond to creative energy from below.
Mike Cooley
Chapter 3. Rosenbrock’s Account of Causality and Purpose
Abstract
The first extract is taken from Purpose and automatic control, Computing and Control Engineering Journal, March 1992, pp. 88–89, which was addressed particularly to control engineers.
Satinder P. Gill
Chapter 4. Culture, Mind and Technology: Making a Difference
Abstract
While culture is a concept which has a long history in anthropology, it has nevertheless been described in many diverse ways. Margaret Mead in her comprehensive book Cultural Patterns and Technical Change (1954: 12) observes that:
A culture is a systematic and integrated whole... culture is an abstraction from the body of learned behaviour which a group of people who share the same traditions transmit entire to their children, and, in part to adult immigrants who become members of the society. It covers not only the arts and sciences, religions and philosophies, to which the word ‘culture’ has historically applied, but also to the system of technology, the political practices, the small intimate habits of daily life.
Eunice McCarthy
Chapter 5. The Social Construction of Human-centredness
Abstract
In his book from 1947, Herbert A. Simon writes that ‘... administration is not unlike play-acting’, i.e. that the effectiveness of the administrative process will vary with the effectiveness with which an organisation’s members play their parts (Simon, 1947, p. 252). Twenty years later, Simon raises a significant question: How is it possible to construct a theory of administration — and, more generally, of social systems — if such systems are systems of play-acting? The problem is that if social systems are based on play-acting they are also based on self-observation, i.e., on humans observing themselves playing as themselves. In a theoretical context the problem is that if such systems work through self-observation, this includes self-observation through the theories constructed by, and of, themselves. For Simon, the problem is, insofar as the theory becomes part of its object, the basic precondition for constructing an empirical theory will be obstructed. Any such theory will contain nothing but ‘normative rules of good acting, (Simon, 1969, p. x). Simon’s observation and conclusion can be confirmed — insofar as many administrative and organisational theories are unreflected catalogues of good practice, i.e. circular arguments of normativism. However, I cannot support Simon’s implicit conclusion that the phenomenon of self-observation should be avoided in administrative and organisational theories.
Lars Qvortrup
Chapter 6. Human-centred Methods of Social and Technical Design
Abstract
‘Design’ is a concept which occurs in many contexts: graphic design, engineering design, product design, corporate design, fashion design, architectural design, software design, design methods. It is not immediately obvious that a common essence underlies all these different usages. The word ‘design’ causes ambiguities because it has more than one common meaning. It can refer to a product (a sketch, a model, a plan, a designed good) or it can refer to a process (the act or practice of designing). This chapter is mainly devoted to the process of design and the paradigms underlying that process. As J. C. Jones points out:
The whole point of transformation, the central part of the design process, is to change what already exists, and this includes both theories and practices. Each should influence the other.
Jones, 1984
Lauge Baungaard Rasmussen
Chapter 7. Information Systems Design: a User-Involved Perspective
Abstract
The user-involved design model, the PROTEVS model, is based on research on active user-involvement in information systems development (ISD) of computer-based information systems (CBIS). It is directed towards development and change where the future users are in control of the design process. User-controlled information systems development (UCISD) is thus defined as:
  • when the future users take the responsibility for the design, i.e. when they make binding decisions about the design project;
  • when the users are regarded not only as the problem owners, but also as the problem solvers.
Siv Friis
Chapter 8. Designing for Knowledge Transfer
Abstract
What knowledge can be represented? Is it possible to represent practical knowledge? Is it possible to represent personal knowledge? These issues are concerned with design as a process where design is an example of the formation and transfer of knowledge, as well as with two contrasting ‘traditions’ of knowledge (Gill, 1988; Josefson, 1987, 1988).
Satinder P. Gill
Chapter 9. Designing Practice-Based Learning Environments
Abstract
The 1980s and 1990s have been characterised by a move from self-contained manufacturing and service operations to large organisations (not necessarily under a single command or ownership) whose activities are integrated through the use of electronic communications and computers. These developments have not occurred overnight but are the result of a much longer evolution of the manufacturing and service industries.
Felix Schmid
Chapter 10. Workplace Innovations: the Making of a Human-centred Industrial Culture
Abstract
Workplace innovations in the form of group-work, team-working, lifelong learning are part of broader social and cultural horizons for the making of a human-centred industrial culture. These innovations go further than the socio-technical working life innovations such as human factor oriented or user-centred approaches. They are societal in the sense that they affect, and are affected by, all societal levels of the industrial culture, micro (the workplace level), meso- (the contextual level, that is the local societal context), and macro- (that is the wide social level such as the country and /or the regional level) levels. At the micro-level, the predominant tendency is the integration of roles and functions. The mesolevel refers to the leading relationship between each organisation and its environment; it is a process of mutual adaptation. It is at the macro-level where public and collective policies succeed or fail in creating the public vision and the general knowledge for supporting both the processes of innovation and adaptation, i.e. the process of change at both micro- and meso-levels.
Francesco Garibaldo
Chapter 11. Meanwhile, Out in the Real World: Developing a Commercial Human-centred Software Application
Abstract
This chapter is not a high-power academic treatise. It will not attempt to break new ground in philosophy; it will not attempt to moderate the use of every other word by a full bibliographic reference or the ‘TM’ symbol; it will not draw on abstruse psychology, sociology or, indeed, any other kind of ‘-ology’; it will not mention Wittgenstein (well, not again, anyway!). Furthermore, it will not attempt to justify or explain these omissions. So if you require all or any of these things, this is not your chapter. Pass by quickly and leave the rest of us in peace!
David Smith
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Human Machine Symbiosis
herausgegeben von
Karamjit S. Gill, BA (Hons), MA, MSc, Dphil
Copyright-Jahr
1996
Verlag
Springer London
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4471-3247-9
Print ISBN
978-3-540-76024-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3247-9