Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Viruses in Source and Drinking Water

  • Chapter
Drinking Water Microbiology

Part of the book series: Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience ((BROCK/SPRINGER))

Abstract

All warm blooded animals harbor enteric viruses which are excreted in fecal material and can find their way into the aquatic environment. In addition fish, other lower animals and even plants release viruses which can find their way into water. Fortunately, most viruses are highly host specific and only the enteric viruses of humans appear to offer the greatest health concern for waterborne transmission. Human enteric viruses are able to exist for extended periods in the environment and many may survive conventional water and wastewater treatment. Waterborne transmission has now been well documented for many of the enteric viruses. While a direct association with the presence of virus in a water supply and illness has not been demonstrated for all enteric viruses, the presence of any of these viruses in drinking water should be considered a major health concern.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, J. and Zickl, R. 1969. Winter vomiting disease. J. Infect. Dis. 119: 668–673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akin, E. 1984. Occurrence of viruses in treated drinking water in the United States. Wat. Sci. Tech. 17: 689–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Water Works Association Committee. 1979. Committee report. Viruses in drinking water. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 71: 441–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Public Health Association. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 16th ed. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assaad, F. and Borecka, I. 1977. Nine-year study of WHO virus reports on fatal virus infections. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 55: 445–453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, G. 1984. Criteria Document for Waterborne Disease. Office of Criteria and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, R.F., Davidson, G.P., Holmes, I.H., and Ruck, B.J. 1973. Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2: 1281–1283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitton, G., Farrah, S.R., Montague, C., Binford, M.W., Scheverman, P.R., and Watson, A. 1985. Survey of Virus Isolation Data from Environmental Samples. EPA Contract No. 68-03-3196. Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacklow, N.R. and Cukor, G. 1981. Viral gastroenteritis. N. Eng. J. Med. 304: 397–406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J.C. 1983. Viruses in environmental waters, pp. 117–145 in Berg, G. (editor), Viral Pollution of the Environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolivar, R., Conklin, R.H., Vollet, J.J., Pickering, L.K., Dupont, H.L., Walters, D.L., and Kohl, S. 1978. Rotavirus in travelers’ diarrhea: study of an adult student population in Mexico. J. Infect. Dis. 137: 324–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control). 1985. Hepatitis surveillance. Report No. 49. CDC, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, J.D. 1981. Nonpolio enteroviruses: coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enteroviruses, pp. 1316–1365 in Feigin, R.D. and Cherry, J.D. (editors). Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, N.A. and Kabler, P.W. 1964. Human enteric viruses in sewage. Health Lab. Sci. 1: 44–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coin, L. 1966. Modern microbiological and virological aspects of water pollution, pp. 1–10 in Jaag, O. (editor), Advances in Water Pollution Research. Pergamon Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craun, G.F. 1986. Waterborne Diseases in the United States, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolin, R., Treanor, J.J., and Madore, P. 1987. Novel agents of viral gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis. 155: 365–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, C.P. 1983. Methods for recovering viruses from the water environment, pp. 19–35 in Berg. G. (editor), Viral Pollution of the Environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, C.P. 1987. Transport and fate of viruses in soils: field studies, pp. 141–154 in Rao, V.C. and Melnick, J.L. (editors), Human Viruses in Sediments, Sludges and Soils, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, C.P. and Bitton, G. 1984. Microbiol pollutants, their survival and transport pattern to ground water, pp. 65–88 in Bitton, G. and Gerba, C.P. (editors), Groundwater Pollution Microbiology, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, C.P. and Haas, C.N. 1988. Assessment of risks associated with enteric viruses in contaminated drinking water, pp. 489–494 in Lichtenberg, J.J., Winter, J. A., Weber, C.I., and Fradkin, L. (editors), Chemical and Biological Characterization of Sludges, Sediments, Dredge Spoils, and Drilling Muds. ASTM STP 976, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, C.P., Rose, J.B., DeLeon, R., Toranzos, G., and Margolin, A. 1988. Viral contamination of ground water in Arizona. J. Arizona-Nevada Acad. Sci. 23: 47–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, C.P., Singh, S.N., and Rose, J.B. 1985. Waterborne viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis. CRC Crit. Rev. in Environmental Control 15:213–

    Google Scholar 

  • Goyal, S.M. and Gerba, C.P. 1979. Comparative adsorption of human enteroviruses, simian rotavirus, and selected bacteriophages to soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38: 241–247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gust, I.D. and Purcell, R.H. 1987. Report of a workshop: waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. J. Infect. Dis. 156: 630–635.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guttman-Bass, N. and Fattal, B. 1984. Analysis of tap water for viruses: results of a survey. Water Sci. and Technol. 17: 89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hejkal, T.W., Keswich, B„ LaBelle, R.L., Gerba, C.P., Sanchez, Y., Dreesman, G., and Hafkin, B. 1982. Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 74: 318–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, S., Estes, M.K., and Metcalf, T.G. 1987. Detection of hepatitis A virus by hybridization with single stranded RNA probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 53: 2487–2495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, S., Estes, M.K., Metcalf, T.G., and Melnick, J.L. 1986. Detection of hepatitis A virus in seeded estuarine samples by hybridization with cDNA probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52: 711–717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J.E., Gary, G.W., Baron, R.C., Singh, N., Schonberger, L.B., Fieldman, R., and Greenberg, H.B. 1982. Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Ann. Internal Med. 96: 757–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keswic, B.H., Gerba, C.P., DuPont, H.L., and Rose, J.B. 1984. Detection of enteric viruses in treated drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 1290–1294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulski, J.K. and Norval, M. 1985. Nucleic acid probes in diagnosis of viral diseases of man and brief review. Arch. Virol. 83: 3–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, J.B. and Lee, T.W. 1987. Astroviruses human and animal, pp. 92–101 in Novel Diarrhea Viruses, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lednar, W.M., Lemon, S.M., Kirkpatrick, J.W., Redfield, R.R., Fields, M.L., and Kelley, P.W. 1985. Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infection in adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122: 226–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippy, E.C. and Waltrip, S.C. 1984. Waterborne disease outbreaks—1946—1980: a thirtyfive-year perspective. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 76: 60–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madeleley, C.R. and Cosgrove, B.P 1975. 28 nm particles in feces in infantile gastroenteritis. Lancet 2: 451–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madore, H.P., Treanor, J.J., and Dolin, R. 1986. Characterization of the Snow Mountain Agent of viral gastroenteritis. J. Virol. 58: 487–492.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzouk, Y., Goyal, S.M., and Gerba, C.P. 1979. Prevalence of enteroviruses in ground water in Israel. Ground Water 17: 487–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, J.L. 1982. Classification of hepatitis A virus as enterovirus type 72 and hepatitis B as Hepadnavirus type 1. Intervirology 18: 105–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margolin, A.B., Hewlett, M.J., and Gerba C.P. 1986. Use of a cDNA dot-blot hybridization technique for detection of enteroviruses in water, pp. 187–95. Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, Amer. Water Works Assoc. Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolin, A.B., Richardson, K.J., DeLeon, R., and Gerba, C.P. 1989. Application of gene probes to the detection of enteroviruses in ground water, pp. 165–270, in Larson, R.A. (editor), Biohazards in Drinking Water, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, J.L. and Gerba, C.P. 1982. Viruses in surface and drinking waters. Environ. Intl. 7: 3–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nestor, I. and Costin, L. 1976. Presence of certain enteroviruses (coxsackie) in sewage effluents and river waters of Romania. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 20: 137–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nestor, I. Costin, L., Sourea, D., and Ionescu, N. 1978. Investigations on the presence of enteroviruses in drinking water. Rev. Roum. Med. 29: 203–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J.R. and Trask, J.D. 1941. The virus of poliomyelitis in stools and sewage. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 116: 493–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payment, P., Trudel, M. and Plante, R. 1985. Elimination of viruses and indicator bacteria at each step of treatment during preparation of drinking water at seven water treatment plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49: 1418–1428.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost, P.J. and Hilleman, M.R. 1979. Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in cell culture in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 160: 213–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabyshko, E.V. 1974. Certain problems of the circulation of enteroviruses in the environmental objects. Gig. Sanit. 39: 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K.J., Margolin, A.B., and Gerba, C.P. 1988. A novel method for liberating viral nucleic acid for assay of water samples with cDNA probes. J. Virological Methods 22: 13–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J.B., Gerba, C.P, Singh, S.N., Toranzos, G.A., and Keswick, B. 1986. Isolation of entero-and rotaviruses from a drinking water treatment facility. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 78: 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J.B. and Gerba, C.P. 1986. A review of viruses in drinking water. Current Practices in Environ. Engr. 2: 119–141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotbart, H.A., Levin, M.J., and Villarreal, L.P. 1984. Use of subgenomic poliovirus DNA hybridization probes to detect major subgroups of enteroviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 1105–1108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, J.S. 1985. Viruses and bacteria in a chalk well. Water Sci. Technol. 17: 111–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.M. and Gerba, C.P. 1982. Development of a method for the detection of human rotavirus in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43: 1440–1450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobsey, M.D. 1976. Methods for detecting enteric viruses in water and wastewater, pp. 89–138 in Berg, G., Bodily, H.L., Lennette, E.H., Melnick, J.L., and Metcalf, T.G. (editors), Viruses in Water, Amer. Public Hlth. Assoc., Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toranzos, G.A., Gerba, C.P., Zapata, M., and Cardona, F. 1986a. Presence de virus enteriques dans des eaux de consommation a cochabamba (Bolivie). Revue inter. des Sciences de l’eau 2: 91–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toranzos, G.A., Hanssen, H., Gerba, C.P. 1986b. Occurrence of enteroviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water in Colombia. Wat. Sci. Techn. 18: 109–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, J.M. 1982. Viruses in fresh and saline waters, pp. 42–63 in Bulter, M., Medlen, A.R., and Morris, R. (editors), Viruses and Disinfection of Water and Wastewater, University of Surrey, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1975. National interim primary drinking water regulations. Federal Register. 73: 59568–59588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Olphen, M., Kapsenberg, J.G., Van de Baan, E., and Kroon, W.A. 1984. Removal of enteric viruses from surface water at eight waterworks in the Netherlands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 927–932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Olphen, M., Kapsenberg, J.G., Van de Baan, E., and Kroon, W.A. 1984. Removal of enteric viruses from surface water at eight waterworks in the Netherlands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 927–932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, R.R. and Akin, E.W. 1984. Minimum infectious dose of animal viruses. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Contr. 14: 297–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, R.L., Bernstein, D.I., and Young, E.C. 1986. Human rotavirus studies in volunteers of infectious dose and serological response to infection. J. Infect. Dis. 154: 871–877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D.C., Pureell, R.H., Sreenivasan, M.A., Prasad, S.R., and Pavri, K.M. 1980. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet ii:876–878.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Nutrition and Food Science and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Charles P. Gerba

  2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Joan B. Rose

Authors
  1. Charles P. Gerba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joan B. Rose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, 59717, Bozeman, Montana, USA

    Gordon A. McFeters

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gerba, C.P., Rose, J.B. (1990). Viruses in Source and Drinking Water. In: McFeters, G.A. (eds) Drinking Water Microbiology. Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8786-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4464-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation