Skip to main content

Soil Management for Optimized Productivity Under Rainfed Conditions in the Semi-Arid Tropics

  • Chapter
Book cover Advances in Soil Science

Part of the book series: Advances in Soil Science ((SOIL,volume 1))

Abstract

The semi-arid tropics (SAT) are defined in the context of Troll’s (1965) vegetation zone delineation as the region within the tropics where the mean monthly rainfall exceeds mean potential evapotranspiration during 2 to 7 months of the year. Within this region the areas where this excess lasts for 2 to 4.5 months are characterized by thorn Savannah vegetation and those where it lasts for 4.5 to 7 months are characterized by dry Savannah; these are called the dry SAT and wet-dry SAT, respectively.

Journal Article No. JA 383, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, A.P., India.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Awadhwal, N.K., and Thierstein, G.E. 1983. Development of a rolling type soil crust breaker. Paper presented at the XX Annual Convention, Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. Feb. 1983, Pantnagar, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binswanger, H.P., S.M. Virmani, and J. Kampen. 1980. Farming systems components for selected areas in India: Evidence from ICRISAT. Res. Bull 2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, A.P., India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, T.D. 1982. Management of soil physical conditions for soil productivity. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 30: 427–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondel, D. 1965. Premiers éléments sur l’influence de la densité apparente du sol sur la croissance racinnaire de l’arachide et du sorgho. Ses conséquences sur le rendement. Proc. OAU/STRC Symp. on the Maintenance and Improvement of Soil Fertility, Khartoum, 173–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charreau, C. 1972. Problémes posès par l’utilisation agricoles des sols tropicaux par des cultures annuelles. Agron. Trop. 27: 905–929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charreau, C. 1974. Soils of tropical dry and dry-wet climatic areas of West Africa and their use and management. Lecture series delivered at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charreau, C. 1977. Some controversial technical aspects of farming systems in semiarid West Africa. Proc. Intl. Symp. of Rainfed Agriculture in Semi-Arid Tropics, April 17–22, 1972. Riverside, California, pp. 313–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charreau, C. and F. Fauck. 1970. Mise au point sur l’utilisation agricole des sols de la région de sefa (casamance). Agron. Trop., 25: 151–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charreau, C., and R. Nicou. 1971. L’amélioration du profll cultural dans les sols sableux et sablo-argileux de la zone tropicale sèche ouest-africane et ses incidence agronomiques. Agron. Trop. 26: 209–255, 903–978, 1183–1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, R.K., and G.S. Rathore. 1976. Clay mineral composition, genesis and classification in Madhya Pradesh. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 24: 144–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cocheme, J., and P. Franquin. 1967. A study of the agro climatology of the semi-arid area, south of the Sahara in West Africa: FAO/UNESCO-WMO Interagency project on agro climatology. Tech. Report. 86, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagg, M., and J.C. Macartney. 1968. The agronomic efficiency of the NIAE mechanized tied ridge system cultivation. Exptl. Agr. 4: 279–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vos, J.H., and K.J. Virgo. 1969. Soil structure in Vertisols of the Blue Nile Clay plains Sudan. J. Soil Sci. 20: 189–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhruva Narayana, V.V., and Ram Babu. 1983. Estimation of soil erosion in India. J. Irrg. and Drainage Engineering, ASCE: 109 (December issue).

    Google Scholar 

  • Digar, S., and N.K. Barde. 1982. Morphology genesis and classification of red and laterite soils. In.Review of soil research in India, part II, Trans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., pp. 498–507. New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Swaify, S.A. 1983. Conservation-effective farming systems for the semi-arid tropics. Soil physics and conservation, FSRP, ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P., India.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Swaify, S.A., and E.W. Dangler. 1977. Erodibilities of selected tropical soils in relation to structural and hydrologic parameters. SCSA Special Publication No. 21. pp. 105–114. Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeney, Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Swaify, S.A. and E.W. Dangler. 1982. Rainfall erosion in the tropics: A state-of- the-art. Special Publication No. 43, pp. 1–25. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Swaify, S.A., E.W. Dangler, and C.L. Armstrong. 1982. Soil erosion by water in the tropics. Research Extension Series 024, Univ. of Hawaii, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Honolulu, Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Swaify, S.A., S. Sinanuwong, A. Daud, and A. Tengah. 1977. Managing saline waters for irrigation. Proc. Intl. Conf., Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock, Tex. pp. 358–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. 1974. Improving productivity in law rainfall area. Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/UNESCO, 1974–78. Soil maps of the world. UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finck, A. 1961. Classification of Gezira clay soil. Soil Sci. 92: 263–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finck, A., and J. Venkateswarlu. 1982. Chemical properties and fertility management of Vertisols. Vertisols and rice soils of the tropics. Proc. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., New Delhi, India, pp. 61–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R.L. 1980. Soils with variable charge: Agronomic and fertility aspects. In: Theng ( 1980 ). pp. 195–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadimani, A.S., B.R. Hegde, and T. Satyanarayan. 1982. Management of red soils. Review of soil research in India, part II. Trans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., New Delhi, India, pp. 689–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadimani, A.S., and N.G. Perur. 1971. Measurement of infiltration rate in some of the soils of the Tungabhadra Project Area. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 19: 231–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, N.W. 1971. Soil conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1978. Ann. Rept. 1977–78. Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1979. Ann. Rept. 1977–79. Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1980. Ann. Rept. 1979–80. Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1981. Ann. Rept. 1980–81. Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1981a. Report of work, on-farm research, farming systems research program, ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1982. Ann. Rept. 1981–82. Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1982a. Research highlights 1982. Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1983. The animal-drawn wheeled tool carrier. ICRISAT Information Bulletin 8, Patancheru, AP, 502 324, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, T.N., R.D. Law, and K.J. Virgo. 1979. Vertisol soils of the tropics and subtropics: their management and use. Outlook on Agriculture 10: 33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jodha, N.S. 1979. Some dimensions of traditional farming systems in semi-arid tropical India. Paper presented at the workshop on Socio-Economic Constraints to Development of Semi-Arid Tropical Agriculture, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, February, 19–23, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jodha, N.S. 1980. Intercropping in traditional farming systems. J. Development Studies 16: 427–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M.J. 1973. The organic matter content of the savana soils of West Africa. J. Soil Sci. 24: 42–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M.J., and A. Wild. 1975. Soils of the west African Savanna. CAB, Tech. Communication No. 55, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, LAB Harpenden, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.K., and R.L. McCown. 1983. Research on a no-till, tropical legume-ley farming strategy. Research report S/10, Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, CSIRO, Townsville, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampen, J. 1979. Watershed management and technology transfer in the Semi-Arid tropics. Proc.Intl. Symp. on Development and Transfer of Technology, ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O., AP, India, pp. 111–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampen, J. 1982. An approach to improved productivity on deep Vertisols. ICRISAT Information Bulletin II, Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampen, J., J. Hari Krishna, R.C. Sachan, and P.N. Sharma. 1974. Soil and water conservation and management in farming systems research for the semi-arid tropics. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Farming Systems, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. November 18–21, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampen, J., and J.R. Burford. 1980. Production systems soil-related constraints and potentials in the semi-arid tropics with special reference to India. Priorities for Alleviating Soil Related Constraints to Food Production in the Tropics Symposium Proceedings, IRRI Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanwar, J.S. 1979. Research at ICRISAT—an overview. Proc. Inaugural Symp. on Development and Transfer of Technology for Rainfed Agriculture and the SAT Farmer, ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O., AP, India, August 20–Sept. 1, 1979. pp. 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanwar, J.S. 1983. Red soils of the semi-arid tropics—Problems, potentials and management. Proc. Symp. on Red Soils, Institute of Soil Science, Academia Sinica, Nanking, People’s Republic of China, Nov. 15–19, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanwar, J.S., J. Kampen, and S.M. Virmani. 1982. Management of Vertisols for maximizing crop production—ICRISAT experience. Vertisols and rice soils of the tropics. Symposia papers II. Trans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., New Delhi, pp. 94–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanwar, J.S., and T.J. Rego. 1983. Fertilizer use and watershed management in rainfed areas for increasing crop production. Fertilizer News (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kausalya, T. 1982. Effect of cultivation on mineralization of organic matter in soil. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Soil Science, G.B. Pant Univ. of Sci. and Technology, U.P., India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowal, J. 1970. The hydrology of a small catchment basin at Samuru, Nigeria. III. Assessment of surface runoff under varied land management and vegetation cover. Niger. Agr. J. 7: 120–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krantz, B.A., J. Kampen and S.M. Virmani. 1978. Soil and water conservation and utilization for increased food production in the semi-arid tropics. Unpublished mimeo for a presentation at the Xlth International Congress of Soil Science, Edmonton, Canada. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krantz, B.A., and T.H. Quackenbush. 1970. A proposal for increasing crop production through improved water management and fertilization in rainfed agriculture. Unpublished discussion paper. The Ford Foundation, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krantz, B.A. and M.B. Russell. 1971. Avenues of increased wheat production through improved water management and utilization in rainfed agriculture. Invitational paper presented at the Wheat Symposium, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.P., India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, A. 1975. Some climatological features of the semi-arid tropical regions of the world. Trans. Intl. Workshop on Farming Systems, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, Nov. 18–21, 1974. pp. 53–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar Rao, J.V.D.K., P.J. Dart, and P.V.S.S. Sastry. 1983. Residual effect of pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan) on yield and nitrogen response of Maize. Exptl. Agr. 19: 131–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R. 1977. Soil management systems and erosion control. In: Greenland, D.J. and R. Lai, eds. pp. 93–97. Soil conservation and management in the humid tropics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R. 1980. Physical and mechanical characteristics of Alfisol and Ultisols with particular reference to soils in the tropics. In: Theng ( 1980 ): pp. 253–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsberg, H.E., H. Lippman, K.H. Paffe, and C. Troll. 1963. World maps of climatology. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, W.E., F.J. Pierce, and R.H. Dowdy. 1983. The threat of soil erosion to long-term crop production. Science 290: 458–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawes, D.A. 1961. Rainfall conservation and the yield of cotton in Northern Nigeria. Emp. J. Exptl. Agr. 29: 307–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawes, D.A. 1963. A new cultivation technique in tropical Africa. Nature 198: 1328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawes, D.A. 1966. Rainfall conservation and yields of sorghum and groundnuts in Northern Nigeria. Exptl. Agr. 2: 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, B. and P.K.R. Nair. 1983. Agroforestry for soil conservation. Proc. Intl. Conf. on Soil Erosion and Conservation, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Jan. 16–22, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, B.L. 1981. Evaluation of some low cost tank sealing techniques for seepage control. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, G.H. 1982. The determinants of kharif fallowing on the Vertisol in semiarid tropical India. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moraghan, J.T., T.J. Rego, R.J. Buresh, P.I. Vick, J.R. Burford, S. Singh, and K.L. Sahrawat. 1983. Labelled nitrogen fertilizer studies on a Vertisol in the semi-arid tropics. Plant and Soil (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J.E., and T.J. Gerik. 1983. Wide beds with conservation tillage. Jour. Soil and Water Conservation 38: 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, R.S., J.C. Bhattacharjee, R.J. Landey, and R.M. Pofali. 1982. Distribution characteristics and classification of Vertisols. Vertisols and rice soils of the tropics. Symposia papers II. Trans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., New Delhi, India, pp. 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, R.S., and L.D. Swindale. 1982. Soil survey of type area around Patancheru and ICRISAT Farm. Joint Report, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicou, R. 1972. Synthèse des études de physique du sol réalisées par I’RAT en Afrique tropicale sèche. Seminar on Tropical Soils Research. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicou, R., and J.L. Chopart. 1979. Root growth and development in sandy and sandy clay soils of Senegal. In: Soil physical properties and crop production in the tropics, R. Lai. and D.J. Greenland, eds. pp. 375–384. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norrish, K., and J.G. Pickering. 1977. Clay mineralogic properties. In: Soil factors in crop production in semi-arid environment, J.S. Russel and E.L. Greason, eds. pp. 33–53. Univ. of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcote, K.H. 1911. A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils. Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, P.H., and M.H. Bertheux. 1957. The distribution of phosphorous in forest and savanna soils of the Gold Coast and its agricultural significance. J. Agr. Sci. Cambridge 49: 141–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, P. 1980. Runoff collection storage and ground water recovery. Research Project Report, Presented in the ICRISAT In-House Review, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, P., S.M. Miranda, and S.A. El-Swaify. 1983. Improved rainfed farming for the semi-arid tropics: Implications for soil and water conservation. Proc. Intl. Conf. on Soil Erosion and Conservation, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Jan. 16–22, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulain, J.F., and R. Tourte. 1970. Effects of deep preparation of dry soil on yields from millet and sorghum to which nitrogen fertilizers have been added (sandy soil from a dry tropical area). Afr. Soils 15: 553–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, N.S., and J. Venkateswarlu. 1979. Indian experiences in the semi-arid tropics prospects and retrospect. Proc. Intl. Symp. on Development and Transfer of Technology. ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A.C. S., and S.K. Das. 1982. Soil fertility management and fertilizer use in dryland crops. In A decade of dryland agriculture research in India (197180). pp. 120–139. All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K.V., T.J. Rego, K.L. Sahrawat, and J.R. Burford. 1982. Responsiveness of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) to fertilizer phosphorus. Abstract No. 416 in Abstracts of Voluntary Papers, TRans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi, B.K., Y.V.R. Reddy, and V. Annamalai. 1982. Economic dimensions of dry farming technology. In: A decade of dryland agriculture research in India (1971-–80). pp. 181–198. All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawitz, E., W.B. Hoogmoed, and Y. Morin. 1981. Development of criteria and methods for improving the efficiency of soil management and tilling operations with special reference to arid and semi-arid regions: Final Report, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, S.J., and Sardar Singh. 1981. Climate and soils of the semi-arid tropical regions of the world. Paper presented at the summer institute on “Production Physiology of Dryland Crops,” Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rejendranagar, Hyderabad, India, May 11–June 5, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rego, T.J., J.T. Morghan, and Sardar Singh. 1982. Some aspects of soil nitrogen relating to double cropping of “deep” Vertisols in the SAT. Trans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Science, Vol. 6, Jan 8–16, 1982, New Delhi, India, Jan. 8–16, 1982. p. 486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, B.B., and N.K. Barde. 1962. Some characteristics of the Black Soils of India. Soil Sci. 93 :142–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.B. 1980. Profile moisture dynamics of soil in Vertisols and Alflsols. Proc. Intl. Workshop on the Agroclimatology Research Needs of the SAT, Hyderabad, India, Nov. 22–24, 1978. pp. 75–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J.G. 1974. Socio-economic aspects of agricultural development in the semi- arid tropics. ICRISAT, Econ. Prog. Occasional Paper 6, Patancheru, AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J.G., and Binswanger, H.P. 1979. Socio-economic constraints to agricultural development in the semi-arid tropics and ICRISAT’s approach. Proc. Symp. on Development and Transfer of Technology, ICRISAT, Patancheru, AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J.G. and Krishnagopal, C. 1981. Assessing the economics of water harvesting and supplementary irrigation: A simulation approach. Seminar paper, Economics Program, ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P., India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J.G. and Sarin, R. 1981. Economics of technology options for deep Vertisols in the relatively assured rainfall regions of the Indian Semi-arid tropics. In Seminar on Management of Deep Black Soils, ICAR/ICRISAT, New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J.G. M. von Oppen., K.V. Subrahmanyam, and M. Asokan, 1974. Socioeconomic aspects of agricultural development in the semi-arid tropics. International Workshop on Farming Systems. ICRISAT, Patancheru, AP, India, November, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, P. A. 1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanghi, N.K. and S.B.P., Rao, 1982. Operational research in dryland agriculture. In: A decade of dryland agriculture research in India (1971–80). pp. 212–231. All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shetty, S.V.R., B.A. Krantz, and S.R. Obien. 1977. Weed research needs of the small farmers. Proc. Weed Sci. Conf. and Workshop, Indian Soc. of Weed Sci., APAU, Hyderabad, A.P., India, Jan. 17–21, 1977. pp. 47–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shetty, S.V.R., M.M. Sharma, S.L.N. Reddy, and A.S. Ram. 1982. Some factors affecting crop-weed balance in the semi-arid tropics: studies on weed emergence. Agron. and Weed Sci. Progress Report No. 7, FSRP, ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O., AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar, M.V.K., and S.M. Virmani. 1979. Use of agroclimatic analysis in crop planning for semi-arid tropics. Paper presented at the Symposium on Plant Responses to Water Availability. I.A.R.I., New Delhi, India, Feb. 22–24, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil taxonomy. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S.D.A. Handbook 436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soman, P., J.M. Peacock, and F.R. Bidinger. 1983. A field technique for screening seedling emergence in Pearl millet and sorghum. Exptl. Agr. (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sriram, C., G.C. Yadav, P.D., Gupta, and J.S. Atwal. 1982. Tillage and seeding practices relevant to drylands. In: A decade of dryland agriculture research in India (1971–80). All India Co-ordinated Research Project for dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India: 140–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stace, H.C.T., G.D. Hubble, R. Brewer, K.H. Northcote, J.R. Sleeman, M.J. Mulcahy, and E.G. Hallsworth. 1968. A handbook of Australian soils. Rellim Technical Publication Glenside, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swindale, L.D. 1982. Distribution and use of arable soils in the semi-arid tropics. In: Managing Soil Resources, Plenary Session Papers, Trans. 12th Intl. Congr. Soil Sci., New Delhi, pp. 67–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theng, B.K.G. (Editor). 1980. Soils with variable charge. New Zealand Soc. Soil Sci., Soil Bureau, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Private Bag. Lower Hutt (448 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. 1965. The climate of Africa. Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troll, C. 1965. Seasonal climates of the Earth. In: World maps of climatology, E. Rodenwaldt and H. Jusatz, eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswarlu, J. 1979. Management of soil fertility in black soils. Seminar on Management of Black Soils, Univ. Agr. Sciences, Dharwar, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswarlu, J. 1980. Proc. Indian (FAO/Norway) Seminar on Maximising Fertiliser Use Efficiency, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayalakshmi, K., and R.C. Sachan. 1977. Use and application of supplemental water in rainfed agriculture. Paper presented at a Training Programme for Agricultural Officers from Selected Drought Prone Area Project Districts, ICRISAT, Patancheru, AP, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virmani, S.M. 1980. Climatic approach for transfer of farming systems technology in the semi-arid tropics. Proc. Symp. on Development and Transfer of Technology, ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O., AP, India, pp. 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virmani, S.M., M.V.K. Sivakumar, and S.J. Reddy. 1978. Rainfall probability estimates for selected locations of semi-arid India. ICRISAT Res. Rept. 1, Patancheru, A.P., India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virmani, S.M., M.V.K. Sivakumar, and S.J. Reddy. 1980. Climatological features of the SAT in relation to the farming systems research program. Proc. Intl. Workshop on the Agroclimatological Research Needs of the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India, Nov. 22–24, 1978, pp. 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virmani, S.M., R.W. Willey, and M.S. Reddy. 1981. Problems, prospects and technology for increasing cereal and pulse production from deep black soils. Proc. Seminar on Management of Deep Black Soils for Increased Production of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds, New Delhi, pp. 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, T.S., J.G. Ryan, K.G. Kshir Sagar, and R. Sarin. 1983. The economics of deep Vertisol technology options: Implication for design testing and transfer. Seminar on Technology Options and Economic Policy for Dryland Agriculture, ICRISAT, Patancheru, P.O., AP, India, Aug. 22–24, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.R. 1983. The physical components of the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) Model. Proc. International Conference on Soil Erosion and Conservation, Honolulu, Hawaii. Jan. 16–22, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

El-Swaify, S.A., Pathak, P., Rego, T.J., Singh, S. (1985). Soil Management for Optimized Productivity Under Rainfed Conditions in the Semi-Arid Tropics. In: Stewart, B.A. (eds) Advances in Soil Science. Advances in Soil Science, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5046-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5046-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9539-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5046-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics