Skip to main content

Gender Patterns in Touching Behavior

  • Chapter
Gender and Nonverbal Behavior

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Social Psychology ((SSSOC))

Abstract

Touch has been described as both the most basic sensory process and the earliest and most elemental form of communication (Frank, 1957; Montagu, 1971). Unlike other forms of nonverbal communication (e.g., eye gaze, proxemics, paralanguage), a separate term does not exist for the sensory process (e.g., vision, hearing) and the communication process (e.g., gaze, speech). Rather, the same term, touch, generally is used to describe the sensory process, specific stimuli, and the communication mechanism. This chapter focuses on the communication properties of touch in general, and gender patterns in tactile communication, in particular.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aguilera, D. C. Relationship between physical contact and verbal interaction between nurses and patients. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 1967, 5, 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alagna, F. J., Whitcher, S. J., Fisher, J. D., & Wichas, E. A. Evaluative reactions to interpersonal touch in a counseling interview. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1979, 26, 465–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alber, J. L. Tactile communication within dyads. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Purdue University, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. Bodily communication. New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakan D. The duality of human existence. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boderman, A., Freed, D. W., & Kinnucan, M. T. “Touch me, like me”: Testing an encounter group assumption. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1972, 8, 527–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borden, R. J., & Homleid, G. M. Handedness and lateral positioning in heterosexual couples: Are men still strongarming women? Sex Roles, 1978, 4, 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breed, G., & Ricci, J. S. “Touch me, like me”: Artifact? Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1973, 8, 153–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. Sex role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 1972, 28, 59–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnside, I. Caring for the aged: Touching is talking. American Journal of Nursing, 1973, 73, 2060–2063.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, S. Touch. Journal of Practical Nursing, 1978, 28, 22–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clay, V. S. The effect of culture on mother-child tactile communication. Family Coordinator, 1968, July, 204–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K. The behavior of women and men. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K. Sex differences. In T. Blass (Ed.), Personality variables in social behavior. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, S., Jr. Nonverbal communication. Psychological Bulletin, 1969, 72, 118–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geis, F. & Viksne, V. Touching: Physical contact and level of arousal. Proceedings of the 80th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1972, 7, 179–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. D., Rytting, M., & Heslin, R. Hands touching hands: Affective and evaluative effects of an interpersonal touch. Sociometry, 1976, 39, 416–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. K. Tactile communication. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1957, 56, 2.9–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieze, I. H., & Ramsey, S. J. Nonverbal maintenance of traditional sex roles. Journal of Social Issues, 1976, 32, 133–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, S., & Lewis, M. Play behavior in the year-old infant: Early sex differences. Child Development, 1969, 40, 21–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. The silent language. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publications, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. The hidden dimension. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. The importance of touch for patient and nurse. Journal of Practical Nursing, 1975, 25, 26–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. The nature of love. American Psychologist, 1958, 13, 673–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, R. G., Wiens, A. N., & Matarazzo, J. D. Nonverbal communication: The state of art. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. The socialization of the child. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M. Status and sex: Some touching observations. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1973, 2, 91–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M. Body politics: Power, sex, and nonverbal communication. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M. Power and gender as factors in nonverbal behavior. Unpublished paper, University of California, Los Angeles, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslin, R. Steps toward a taxonomy of touching. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslin, R., & Boss, D. Nonverbal intimacy in airport arrival and departure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1980, 6, 248–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollender, M. H. The need or wish to be held. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1970, 22, 445–453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jourard, S. M. An exploratory study of body-accessibility. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1966, 5, 221–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jourard, S. M., & Friedman, R. Experimenter-subject “distance” and self disclosure. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 1970, 15, 278–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jourard, S. M., & Rubin, J. E. Self disclosure and touching: A study of two modes of interpersonal encounter and their inter-relation. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1968, 8, 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., & Lewis, M. Studies of attention in the human infant. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1965, 11, 95–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinke, C. L. Compliance to requests made by gazing and touching experimenters in field settings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1977, 13, 218–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinke, C. L., Meeker, F. B., & LaFong, C. Effects of gaze, touch, and use of name on evaluation of “engaged” couples. Journal of Research in Personality, 1974, 7, 368–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, M. L. Essentials of nonverbal communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, J. E. The perceived relationships among touch, age, gender, and status in white urban adults. Unpublished paper, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFrance, M., & Mayo, C. A review of nonverbal behaviors of women and men. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 1978, 43, 96–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. Parents and children. Sex-role development. School Review, 1972, 80, 229–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lomrantz, J., & Shapira, A. Communicative patterns of self-disclosure and touching behavior. The Journal of Psychology, 1974, 88, 223–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Major, B., & Heslin, R. Perceptions of same-sex and cross-sex touching: It’s better to give than to receive. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, B., & Williams, L. Frequency of touch by sex and race: A replication of some touching observations. Unpublished paper, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A. Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, S. The importance of touch in patient care. Imprint, 1978, 25, 66, 74–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagu, A. Touching: The human significance of the skin. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, T. D., Heslin, R., & Nguyen, M. L. The meaning of touch: Sex differences. Journal of Communications, 1975, 25, 92–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, M. L., Heslin, R., & Nguyen, T. D. The meaning of touch: Sex and marital status differences. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 1976, 7, 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicosia, G. J., & Aiello, J. R. Effects of bodily contact on reactions to crowding. Paper presented at meeting of APA, Washington, D.C., 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. Essays in sociological theory Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, M. An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psychological Review, 1976, 83, 235–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pattison, J. E. Effects of touch on self-exploration and the therapeutic relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1973, 40, 170–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perdue, V. P., & Connor, J. M. Patterns of touching between preschool children and male and female teachers. Child Development, 1978, 49, 1258–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raiche, B. M. The effects of touch in counselor portrayal of empathy and regard, and in the promotion of child self-disclosure, as measured by videotape simulation. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, L. B., Kartus, S., & Ray, C. Body accessibility revisited. Journal of Communications, 1976, 26, 27–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scroggs, G. F. Sex, status, and solidarity: Attributions for nonmutual touch. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Hartford, Conn., April, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, A. F., Pressman, E., & Bartel, H. W. Self-esteem and tactile communication. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1973, 13, 73–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverthorne, C., Micklewright, J., O’Donnell, M., & Gibson, R. Attribution of personal characteristics as a function of the degree of touch on initial contact and sex. Sex Roles, 1976, 2, 185–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverthorne, C. P., Noreen, C., Hunt, T., & Rota, L. The effects of tactile stimulation and visual experience. Journal of Social Psychology, 1972, 88, 153–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R. A. Hospitalism. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1946, 2, 113–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Summerhayes, D. L., & Suchner, R. W. Power implications of touch in male-female relationships. Sex Roles, 1978, 4, 103–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Touhey, J. C. Effects of dominance and competence on heterosexual attraction. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 13, 22–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitcher, S. L., & Fisher, J. D. Multidimensional reaction to therapeutic touch in a hospital setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 87–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, F. N., & Hofmann, G. E. Development of tactile patterns in relationship to age, sex, and race. Developmental Psychology, 1975, 11, 866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, F. N., & Reeves, D. L. Touch interactions in junior high school students in relation to sex and race. Developmental Psychology, 1976, 12, 91–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, F. N., Reeves, D. L., & Buchanan, D. R. Interpersonal touch in high school relative to sex and race. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 43, 843–847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Major, B. (1981). Gender Patterns in Touching Behavior. In: Mayo, C., Henley, N.M. (eds) Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5953-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5953-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5955-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5953-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics