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Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology pp 221–236Cite as

Tools for Analyzing Qualitative Data: The History and Relevance of Qualitative Data Analysis Software

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Abstract

The most common question from novices regarding the use of software in qualitative research is “which program should I use?” when they would be better served by asking “what analytical tasks will I be engaged in, and what are the different ways I can leverage technology to do them well?” In this chapter, we first provide an overview of tasks involved in analyzing qualitative data, with a focus on increasingly complex projects, before we turn to the software meant to support these tasks. One genre of software, known as Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS or QDA software), is specifically designed to support qualitative research, as opposed to tools primarily used for the collection of data (such as audio or video recorders), or presentation of findings (such as presentation or modeling software). We briefly review the historical development of QDA software—including associated methodological questions and issues—before identifying the increasingly diverse array of expected features and functions in most of the current software programs. We then summarize the “user experience” literature and subsequently discuss the boundaries between cadres of qualitative researchers who do use software, and those who do not. Finally, we address potential directions as these programs are being influenced by Web 2.0 developments.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The principles are as follows: (1) Analysis is cyclic—concurrent with data collection. (2) Analysis is systematic and comprehensive but not rigid. (3) Analysis is reflective and results in analytical notes (memos) that guide the process. (4) Data are segmented as we are unable to process large amounts of data all at once but the connection to the whole is maintained. (5) Data segments are categorized according to an organizing system that is mostly derived from the data themselves. (6) The main intellectual tool is comparison. (7) Categories for sorting segments are tentative at the beginning; they remain flexible. (8) There is no one “right” way to manipulate qualitative data during analysis. (9) The procedures are neither “scientific” nor “mechanistic”; qualitative analysis is “intellectual craftsmanship” (Mills, 1959). (10) The result of the analysis is some type of higher-level synthesis. (Tesch, 1990, pp. 95–97).

  2. 2.

    The CAQDAS networking project Web site identifies “Computer Assisted Qualitative Data AnalysiS” as the original source of the acronym, although subsequent print sources often use “Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software” (See the “About Us” page: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/sociology/research/researchcentres/caqdas/about/) Both are in use today.

  3. 3.

    Unfortunately, the KWALON experiment did not include investigations in the data set that were not facilitated by software, so no comparison point is available between managing the data with and without QDAS.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Dr. Judith Davidson (University of Massachusetts at Lowell) and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA

    Linda S. Gilbert Ph.D.

  2. Queri, Inc., 801 Pennsylvania, #205, Denver, CO, 80203, USA

    Kristi Jackson

  3. SdG Associates, 20 Alconbury Road, London, E5 8RH, UK

    Silvana di Gregorio Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Linda S. Gilbert Ph.D.
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  2. Kristi Jackson
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  3. Silvana di Gregorio Ph.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linda S. Gilbert Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Learning Technologies, C, University of North Texas, North Elm 3940, Denton, 76207-7102, Texas, USA

    J. Michael Spector

  2. W. Sunset Blvd. 1812, St. George, 84770, Utah, USA

    M. David Merrill

  3. , Centr. Instructiepsychol.&-technologie, K.U. Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 2, Leuven, 3000, Belgium

    Jan Elen

  4. Research Drive, Iacocca A109 111, Bethlehem, 18015, Pennsylvania, USA

    M. J. Bishop

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© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Gilbert, L.S., Jackson, K., di Gregorio, S. (2014). Tools for Analyzing Qualitative Data: The History and Relevance of Qualitative Data Analysis Software. In: Spector, J., Merrill, M., Elen, J., Bishop, M. (eds) Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_18

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