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2013 | Buch

Short History of Stem Cells Transplantation with Emphasis on Hematological Disorders Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering

verfasst von: Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint

Verlag: Springer New York

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Stem cells are the building blocks for all other cells in an organism. The human body has about 200 different types of cells and any of those cells can be produced by a stem cell. This fact emphasizes the significance of stem cells in transplantational medicine, regenerative therapy and bioengineering. Whether embryonic or adult, these cells can be used for the successful treatment of a wide range of diseases that were not treatable before, such as osteogenesis imperfecta in children, different forms of leukemias, acute myocardial infarction, some neural damages and diseases, etc.

Bioengineering, e.g. successful manipulation of these cells with multipotential capacity of differentiation toward appropriate patterns and precise quantity, are the prerequisites for successful outcome and treatment. By combining in vivo and in vitro techniques, it is now possible to manage the wide spectrum of tissue damages and organ diseases. Although the stem-cell therapy is not a response to all the questions, it provides more and more answers every day.

Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering is a concise review on the functional, phenotypic, regenerative, transplantational and curative aspects of a stem cell’s entity. It is critical and encouraging at the same time, providing truthful and appropriate samples from the practice and research that can lead toward optimal use of this immense source of adjuvant and curative therapy in human pathology. Written by a clinician and a researcher, who are currently teaching what they are doing, it is recommended as a teaching tool along with an original textbook.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Short History of Stem Cells Transplantation with Emphasis on Hematological Disorders
Abstract
Stem cell history started almost a century ago with administration of bone marrow by mouth to the patients with anemia and leukemia [1]. At that time, in the early 1900s, European scientists realized that all blood cells originate from one particular “stem cell” located within the bone marrow, tissue where the entire hematopoiesis take place. Early studies with animals quickly revealed that the bone marrow was the organ most sensitive to the damaging effects of radiation. Very soon, it became clear that reinfusion of marrow cells could rescue lethally irradiated animals. Mice with defective bone marrow could be restored to health with infusions into the blood stream of marrow taken from other mice [2].
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 2. Stem Cell Concept: Entity or Function?
Abstract
They have the unique ability of self-renewal and plasticity, e.g., to multiply for a long time without a change and to produce cells that differentiate into specialized structures. New stem cells can be created to replenish stem cell population.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 3. Embryonic Stem Cells: Problems and Possible Solutions
Abstract
Animal models have demonstrated that transplanted embryonic cells are exposed to the immune reactions similar to those acting on organ transplants, hence immunosuppression of the recipient is generally required. It is, however, possible to obtain embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to the patient’s own cells. The nucleus from the patient’s somatic cell is transferred into an egg after removal of the egg’s own genetic material (a technique known as nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning). Under specific condition the egg will use genetic information from the patient’s somatic cell in organizing the formation of a blastocyst which in turn generates embryonic stem cells. These cells have a genetic composition identical to that of patient, are suitable for stem cell therapy, will generate patient’s own proteins, and escape the danger for “self-attack” and immune rejection [1].
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 4. Adult Stem Cells (the Concept of VSEL-Cell)
Abstract
Adult stem cells are stem cells that can be derived from different parts of the body and, depending on where they are from, have different properties. They exist in several different tissues including bone marrow, blood, liver, nasal mucosa, skin, and the brain. Some studies have suggested that adult stem cells are very versatile and can develop into many different cell types. Adult stem cells have already been used for more than 20 years as bone-marrow transplants to reconstitute the immune systems of patients with cancer and to treat blood cancers such as leukemia [1, 2]. Using the body’s own stem cells means, the immune system’s rejection reflex will not be aroused.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 5. Cord Blood Stem Cells
Abstract
Like bone marrow, umbilical cord blood is another rich source of hematopoietic stem cells, being less mature than those found in the bone marrow of adults or children.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 6. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells are adult stem cells found mainly in the bone marrow and they provide the blood cells required for daily blood turnover and for fighting infections. Compared to adult stem cells from other tissues, hematopoietic stem cells are easy to obtain, as they can be either aspirated directly out of the bone marrow or stimulated to move into the peripheral blood stream, where they can be easily collected as shown by Balint et al.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 7. Ethical Aspects of Stem Cell Research
Abstract
Stem cell biology is an extremely active field in biology, not only from a scientific but also from the political, social, and ethical perspective. It is well known that ethical aspect involves for many strong argument that using embryonic stem cells is equal to homicide. The other argument is: How one can give embryonic stem cells to somebody, when the immune system will not tolerate “nonself”? This obstacle was overcome by the concept of therapeutic cloning, in which the nucleus of stem cell (through microsurgery) is replaced by patient’s nucleus (nuclear transfer). In that way, embryonic body (which is in cytoplasm of the zygot and will give stem cells) will be “supervised” by patient’s genetic codes and orchestrate patient’s coding of specific proteins. They will not be foreign to immune system and will not affect the engraftment.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 8. Stem Cell Renewal and Differentiation
Abstract
Among the most investigated are the mechanisms that regulate stem cell function in the nervous and hematopoietic systems. Therefore, hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to all blood and immune system cells, and neural crest stem cells, which give rise to the peripheral nervous system, are among the best-characterized stem cells. We are just beginning to understand how their functions are regulated. The conserved mechanisms have long been hypothesized as the mode of stem cell regulation. However, testing this requires interdisciplinary approaches. The ultimate goal is to integrate what we know about stem cells in different tissues to understand the extent to which they employ similar or different mechanisms to regulate critical functions. We have focused so far on the mechanisms that regulate stem cell self-renewal, aging, and their role in organogenesis.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 9. Stem Cell Sources, Harvesting, and Clinical Use
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is an eventful and multifactorial continuous process in which a ­variety of blood cells are produced through proliferation and differentiation from a minor quantity of stem cells (SCs) [1]. A complex network of interactive matters and factors accomplishes the toti/pluri/multipotent SC survival, maturation, and multiplication. Namely, differentiation and proliferation of SCs in the bone marrow (BM) are regulated by the extracellular matrix and microenvironment provided by stromal cells [1].
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 10. The HLA and ABO Systems in the View of Stem Cell Transplant (HLA Typization: Choice of Donors)
Abstract
The MHC is a large and stable region mapped to the short arm of the chromosome 6, encoding genes that have a lot of functions in immune and nonimmune response. MHC includes regions for the well-known and the most polymorphic until now discovered gene system, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. The extreme polymorphism of the HLA system derives from the existence of multiple alleles at several loci. It is estimated that more than 100 million different phenotypes can result from all combinations of alleles in the HLA system [1–5]. HLA genes are autosomal with codominant expression, inherited regularly as a haplotype. Since progeny receives one chromosome (haplotype) from each parent, four combinations of haplotypes are possible in newborn.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 11. Peritransplant Blood Component Therapy
Abstract
The clinical use of blood components (transfusion therapy) is an efficient method for the support of patients who underwent autologous or HLA-matched allogeneic hematopoietic SC transplant following chemotherapy (and nowadays just rarely total body irradiation—TBI) conditioning regimens. Thus, clinical qualification of blood replacement, as well as a variety of alternatives to “traditional” blood component support (autologous transfusions, blood substitutes, hematopoietic cytokines—growth factors), make the specific elements of current peritransplant transfusion therapy. The basic aim of transfusion therapy is the reconstitution of blood homeostasis through the improvement of red blood cell (RBC), platelet, white blood cell (WBC), or rarely coagulation factor deficiencies by replacement and/or stimulation of their production using cytokines. The events affecting the features of transfusion therapy are: (a) category and severity of patient’s hematological deficit, and (b) type and quantity of blood component(s) or cytokine needed. These factors have to be determined before the initiation of blood replacement in all situations, and it is the highest priority in a high-quality transfusion therapy [1–3].
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 12. Engraftment: Homing and Use of Genetic Markers
Abstract
Homing refers to the stem cells’ innate ability to travel to the right place in the body—the bone marrow—suited for making blood. The term “engraftment” means that the stem cells have begun their work; they are functioning properly within the marrow by producing various kinds of blood cells. Not only that bone marrow is recruited with fresh pool of concentrated stem cells, but it is also being gradually repopulated by those cells that emerge through differentiation of transplanted stem cells. Experimental evidence suggests that manipulated stem cells may lose some of their homing and engraftment abilities. If this evidence is true for humans as well, a troubling paradox may arise: The very success of an umbilical cord blood transplant could be undermined by the manipulations performed on stem cells—manipulations intended to increase their healing properties, not decrease or eliminate them. Research needs to clarify this. Work of this kind, at the University of Minnesota, is crucial to the success of stem cell expansion [1].
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 13. Principles and Practice of Stem Cell Cryopreservation
Abstract
Recent extensive application of various cell-mediated therapeutic approaches has resulted in increased needs for both specific blood-derived cells and operating procedures to get minimized cell damages during their collection, processing, and storage in liquid or frozen state. The aim of cryoinvestigations is to minimize cell injuries during the freeze/thaw process (cryoinjury). Cryoinjuries may be the result of extensive cell dehydration and/or intracellular ice crystallization. The basic goal of cryopreservation is to maintain the cell viability—which may be defined as the ability of cells to perform their normal or near-normal function when transfused or transplanted. Generally, postthaw cell recovery is superior when the most appropriate freezing procedure and the best cryoprotective agent (cryoprotectant) are used. For blood progenitor or cell cryopreservation, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hydroxyetilstarch (HES) are regularly used, although in different concentrations. Despite the fact that cell freezing practice is already in routine use, some questions related to the optimal living cell cryopreservation are still unresolved.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 14. Cord Blood Cell Cryopreservation
Abstract
Before the umbilical blood is frozen, it will first be introduced to a solution to help prevent it from being damaged while frozen. This solution is referred to as the cryopreservation solvent or cryoprotectant [1]. Once the blood has received this, it will begin to slowly freeze. Freezing it gradually is used as another preventative measure in guarding the cells against damage. Once the blood is frozen to a temperature of −96°C, it is transferred to a permanent storage freezer where it will remain frozen through the use of either liquid or vapor nitrogen.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 15. Current Status and Perspectives in Stem Cell Research
Abstract
Research on stem cells is advancing knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. This promising area of science is also leading scientists to investigate the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease, which is often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 16. Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Part I: General Consideration
(The Old Idea or A New Therapeutic Concept?)
Abstract
The pluripotency of stem cells from different sources is the subject of controversies and criticism, but as one of the most prominent features of these cells is also envisioned as a powerful therapeutic approach. Adult stem cells reside in most mammalian tissues, but the extent to which they contribute to normal homeostasis and repair varies widely.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 17. Neurological Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy
Abstract
In stroke, occlusion of a cerebral artery leads to focal ischemia in a restricted central nervous system (CNS) region. Many different types of neurons and glial cells degenerate in stroke. It has not yet been convincingly demonstrated that neuronal replacement induces symptomatic relief in individuals who have suffered strokes.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Chapter 18. Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells: Summary
Abstract
The newest bioengineering approaches that have made a breakthrough would have to be tissue engineering (TE) oriented: the use of 3D architecture to create porous, load-bearing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering [1–3]. This creation of bone structure can still allow for nutrient flow and waste removal to keep the surrounding, living bone, viable, but can increase the structure and rigidity of the bone. The use of rapid prototyping and 3D printing is especially interesting because one can create geometries that are impossible with typical machining.
Mirjana Pavlovic, Bela Balint
Metadaten
Titel
Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering
verfasst von
Mirjana Pavlovic
Bela Balint
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4614-5505-9
Print ISBN
978-1-4614-5504-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5505-9

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